Understand Chemistry Unit Conversions

Comprehend Chemistry Unit Conversions Unit transformations are significant in all sciences, in spite of the fact that they may appear to be progressively basic in science in light of the fact that numerous computations utilize various units. Each estimation you take should detailing with the best possible units. While it might take practice to ace unit transformations, you just need to realize how to increase, gap, include, and deduct to do them. The math is simple as long as you most likely are aware which units can be changed over starting with one then onto the next and how to set up transformation factors in a condition. Know the Base Units There are a few regular base amounts, for example, mass, temperature, and volume. You can change over between various units of a base amount, however will most likely be unable to change over starting with one kind of amount then onto the next. For instance, you can change over grams to moles or kilograms, yet you cannot change over grams to Kelvin. Grams, moles, and kilograms are for the most part units that depict the measure of issue, while Kelvin portrays temperature. There are seven crucial base units in the SI or decimal standard, in addition to there are different units that are viewed as base units in different frameworks. A base unit is a solitary unit. Here are some normal ones: Mass kilogram (kg), gram (g), pound (lb) Separation or Length meter (m), centimeter (cm), inch (in), kilometer (km), mile (mi) Time second (s), minute (min), hour (hr), day, year Temperature Kelvin (K), Celsius (C), Fahrenheit (F) Amount mole (mol) Electric Current ampere (amp) Brilliant Intensity candela Comprehend Derived Units Determined units (now and again called exceptional units) consolidate the base units. A case of an inferred unit is a unit for zone, square meters (m2) or the unit of power, the newton (kgâ ·m/s2). Likewise included are volume units. For instance, there are liters (l), milliliters (ml), cubic centimeter (cm3). Unit Prefixes So as to change over between units, youll need to realize basic unit prefixes. These are utilized principally in the decimal standard as a kind of shorthand documentation to make numbers simpler to communicate. Here are some valuable prefixes to know: Name Image Factor giga- G 109 uber M 106 kilo- k 103 hecto- h 102 deca- da 101 base unit 100 deci- d 10-1 centi- c 10-2 milli- m 10-3 miniaturized scale 10-6 nano- n 10-9 pico- p 10-12 femto- f 10-15 As case of how to utilize the prefixes: 1000 meters 1 kilometer 1 km For extremely enormous or little numbers, its simpler to utilize logical documentation: 1000 103 0.00005 5 x 10-4 Performing Unit Conversions In view of the entirety of this, youre prepared to perform unit changes. A unit transformation can be thought of as a kind of condition. In math, you may review on the off chance that you increase any number occasions 1, it is unaltered. Unit changes work a similar way, aside from 1 is communicated as a transformation factor or proportion. Think about the unit transformation: 1 g 1000 mg This could be composed as: 1g/1000 mg 1 or 1000 mg/1 g 1 In the event that you increase a worth occasions both of these portions, its worth will be unaltered. Youll utilize this to counteract units to change over them. Heres a model (notice how the grams offset in the numerator and denominator): 4.2x10-31g x 1000mg/1g 4.2x10-31 x 1000 mg 4.2x10-28 mg Utilizing Your Calculator You can enter in these qualities in logical documentation on your mini-computer utilizing the EE button: 4.2 EE - 31 x 1 EE3 which will give you: 4.2 E - 18 Heres another model. Convert 48.3 crawls into feet. It is possible that you realize the transformation factor among inches and feet or you can find it: 12 inches 1 foot or 12 out of 1 ft Presently, you set up the change so the inches will counterbalance, leaving you with feet in your last answer: 48.3 inches x 1 foot/12 inches 4.03 ft There is crawls in both the top (numerator) and base (denominator) of the articulation, so it offsets. In the event that you had attempted to compose: 48.3 inches x 12 inches/1 foot you would have had square inches/foot, which wouldnt have given you the ideal units. Continuously check your change factor to ensure the right term counteracts! You may need to switch the portion around. Key Points Unit changes possibly work if the units are a similar sort. For instance, you cannot change over mass into temperature or volume into energy.In science, it would be decent in the event that you just needed to change over between metric units, yet there are numerous basic units in different frameworks. For instance, you may need to change over a Fahrenheit temperature into Celsius or a pound mass into kilograms.The just math abilities you have to do unit transformations are expansion, deduction, increase, and division.

Repression1 essays

Repression1 expositions One morning after Dad completes his exercise, he hauls an overlap out bunk from the divider and rests, despite everything unclothed. I sit on the floor adjacent to him. I watch his erection. He hits his stomach with it. He giggles as though he is shocked. Touch it, he says, holding his penis up, offering it to me. I came to over, hold it with my fingers, and let it go, making a smack... ...I have seen his penis before when it is hard. He'd attempted to place it into my base. He will do it once more, right? I would prefer not to be here, I state. Open the entryway. If it's not too much trouble Daddy. The fortification lounges around me, overwhelming and abnormal. I vanish. (de Milly, walterdemilly.com/chapter.htm) Who might need to recollect this kind of thing? Positively not the poor kid who is reviewing it, so for what reason would he? He didn't, for quite a while, due to the torment this memory causes, so he accomplished something that numerous individuals do with agonizing recollections. He curbed it. For what reason do individuals subdue memory, and how might it be reviewed? This paper would like to open a couple of the privileged insights of this abnormal marvel. Right off the bat, constraint, as characterized by A Dictionary of Psychoanalysis, is the oblivious and automatic procedure by which an unsatisfactory motivation or thought is rendered oblivious. As indicated by Chip Phillips, suppression is the place unwittingly you cover excruciating or humiliating recollections (Phillips, Ch. 3). So what precisely aims somebody to subdue a memory? As Phillips expressed, excruciating or humiliating recollections. Recollections of youth misuse and sexual maltreatment are normal (Herman The author accepts that restraint is the place an individual subliminally covers recollections of stunning acts and occasions that caused extreme and damaging torment or potentially humiliation. This definition is fundamentally the same as... <!

Understanding the Device Market Desktop, Tablet, and Mobile

Understanding the Device Market Desktop, Tablet, and Mobile There is a major technological revolution going on. It has started only in recent years, and it doesn’t look like it’s going to end anytime soon. We need only need to look at the fast rate that technological device manufacturers are churning out new gadgets and devices to know that we are in the thick of this technological revolution.No argument about it: the technological devices that have made an indelible mark in everyone’s lives include the desktop computer, the tablet, and the mobile phone. The markets for these devices have been abuzz ever since, and that does not really come as any surprise. These devices have literally changed our lives, and are still doing so with every release. In this article, we will take a look at the rapidly evolving device market, known today as the Smart Connected Device (SCD) Market, particularly for the segments devoted to the desktop computer, the tablet, and the mobile phone.THE DEVICE MARKET FOR DESKTOPSThe desktop computer has been, for a while, referred to as a “personal computer”, is a computer that is designed to be compact and small, enough to fit comfortably on top of a desk. The entire desktop consists of a computer monitor, a horizontal or vertical tower for the central processing unit (CPU), a keyboard and a mouse. Having a desk-sized computer was a coup at the time, considering how computers back then were so large they can take up the space of an entire room. When minicomputers were introduced, they were the size of refrigerators.How it beganThe first desktop computer was introduced in 1965 by Programma 101, and it was the size of a typewriter. It was, strictly speaking, a programmable calculator. Then, in 1968, He wlett Packard came out with its own programmable calculator in the HP 9100A. They followed it up in 1972 with the HP 9830 BASIC language computer.International Business Machines (IBM) was one of the largest technology corporations engaged in IT consulting and services and computer software and hardware. They have later become known as the main player in the personal computer industry, and its beginnings can be traced back in 1972, when a team over at IBM used its PALM processor to develop the SCAMP, or the Special Computer APL Machine Portable, a prototype for a portable computer. SCAMP went on to be named by PC Magazine as the “world’s first personal computer”.From that prototype, IBM launched the IBM 5100, a portable microcomputer, in 1975, and it was soon followed with a succession of personal computer models.Apple Inc. also came out with its own series of personal computers, launching the original Macintosh computer â€" the Macintosh 128k â€" in January 1984. This made his tory, since it was the first personal computer targeted towards the mass market, and it featured a mouse and an integral graphic user interface.The following decades saw more models of desktop computers being introduced, with each release evolving, becoming better than the one before. Desktops have then become the most common configuration for personal computers.The Desktop MarketThe 1980s saw the increasing dominance of desktop computers, with the market primarily dominated by IBM and Apple’s Macintosh. The main draw of desktop computers was their compact size, freeing up precious space on desks. From being used for individual and personal purposes, desktops have also become the device of choice in corporate computing settings and environments. Desktops remained popular throughout the 1990s, when they proved to be the ideal tool for gamers and enthusiasts.It was not until the mid-2000s when desktops started suffering a decline, mainly because of the entry of more desktop manufact urers, compounded by the fact that users started shifting from desktops to the even more portable laptops. The main players in the desktop market at the time included big names such as IBM, Apple, and Dell. However, smaller desktop manufacturers popped up, developing lower quality and affordable desktop computers. These cheaper and more accessible options certainly hurt the bigger players, and the desktop market in general.Laptops, which were primarily manufactured by Asian-based companies, became so popular that a number of desktop assembly plants in the United States started closing down. Notebook PCs also started being shipped in 2006, and consumers started preferring laptops and notebook PCs over desktops. It was in 2008 when the total shipments of notebook PCs exceeded desktop computers. As of the third quarter of 2008, there were 38.6 million units of notebook PCs sold, compared to the 38.5 million desktop units.The late 2000s was dubbed as the “Post-PC era”, where the mar ket experienced a further decline due to the introduction of post-PC devices, specifically tablets and smartphones. There is now a greater shift being made, as the consumers are stepping away from the desktop market and going mobile.In 2010, desktop computers had the largest share in the total shipments of SCD devices, according to tracking efforts made by the International Data Corporation (IDC). 52.5% of the total shipments is certainly nothing to balk at. However, challenges beset the desktop market and, in four years, it registered a decline. The desktop shipments went from 52.5% in 2010 to 16.8% in 2014.Before you read further look into this presentation in order to understand general internet trends relating to desktop, tablet, and mobile devices and applications.[slideshare id=48624910doc=internettrendsv1-150526193103-lva1-app6892w=640h=330]THE DEVICE MARKET FOR TABLETSTablet computers, also known as “tablet PCs” or, simply, tablets, are mobile computers that are so compa ct, they are packed with a multitude of features in one single unit. A typical tablet features a touchscreen display, sensors, circuitry and battery. Cameras and microphone are already integrated into the tablet itself. There is no mouse or keyboard; in their place are stylus and the finger recognition capabilities of the touchscreen display. The name “tablet PC” became cemented when Microsoft used it to describe a prototype device they were working on in 2000.How it beganJust like the desktop computers, the concept for tablet computers began way back in time, depicted in films and various works of literature. It was not until Atari came up with its Stylus in 1992 that the vision became more concrete. The Stylus was later named as the ST-Pad, which boasts a handwriting recognition feature. In 1994, Acorn Computers, through the initiative of the European Union, developed the NewsPad, a touch-screen tablet computer that was inspired by the NewsPad project, which was directly deriv ed from the 1968 Stanley Kubrick film “2001: A Space Odyssey”.It was clear that, early on, there were already a significant number of developers and manufacturers working towards developing a viable tablet PC. The first success, however, was by Samsung, with the GRIDPad, the first commercially available tablet PC, which was released in 1989. A series of tablet-type devices came after, such as ATT’s EO Personal Communicator (1991), Apple’s Apple Newton personal digital assistant or PDA (1993), Palm’s PalmPilot PDA (1996), Intel’s Web Tablet (1999), and Microsoft’s Pocket PC (2000) and Microsoft Tablet PC (2002).The Tablet MarketQuite possibly the most revolutionary and innovative tablet PC, the iPad was released by Apple Inc. in 2010, and the response was overwhelming. Apple was responsible for introducing the world’s first mass market desktop computer (the Macintosh computer), so it seemed inevitable that it would also be the one to launch the world’s first mass-ma rket tablet. The iPad came with cutting edge technology, such as a dedicated operating system (the iOS) and a finger-friendly multi-touch feature. Thanks to the iPad, the tablet has become cleanly and clearly distinguished from personal computers and became a product category on its own. In fact, we cannot mention tablets without talking about the iPad, since it almost singlehandedly shaped the tablet market as we know it today.Apple’s iPad was not the only player in the tablet market, although it was the dominant name for a good long while. Other Android-based tablets started appearing in 2008, coming from electronic giants such as Samsung, Sony and, later on, Acer, Amazon and Barnes Noble. According to PC Magazine, in 2012, 31% of internet users in the United States owned a tablet PC, mainly the iPad. That trend reflects the bigger global picture. Statistics show that, as of November 2015, Android tablets are slowly gaining more share of the tablet market, occupying 32.08% of g lobal tablet use, while iPad’s share is at 65.66%.Some very interesting insights into an OEM producing tablets being interviewed on the tablet market opportunities and challenges. Great to watch. How large is the tablet market, exactly?In 2014, tablets had a market share of 12.5%, with a shipment volume of 229.7 million units. This was close on the heels of the shipment volume of personal computers, which was estimated at 308.13 million units.THE DEVICE MARKET FOR MOBILEWhen we say mobile, we are mostly referring to the smartphone market. Granted, there are many other devices that are designed with advanced mobile operating systems, but the largest representation of the mobile market is the smartphone segment.Basically, a smartphone is a mobile phone equipped with the features of a personal computer, a cell phone, and other mobile devices, such as a PDA, a music or media player, and a camera. These days, smartphones are largely characterized by a touchscreen interface, Internet an d other connectivity, and other high-end features. The name “smartphone” was first coined and gained worldwide acceptance when it was used to describe ATT’s device, the PhoneWriter Communicator.How it beganIt is said that the first manufacturer to successfully integrate PDA features into a mobile phone was IBM. In 1992, IBM introduced a prototype of a cellular phone that has PDA capabilities as well as map and news features. This prototype underwent further development until it was released in 1994 as the Simon Personal Communicator, now dubbed as the first smartphone.Hewlett-Packard took the first steps towards integrating the features of a PDA and a mobile phone. Its OmniGo 700LX, released in 1996, was a PDA that can support a Nokia phone. Nokia followed suit a few months later, coming up with the Nokia 9000 Communicator.Qualcomm made a breakthrough in 1999 when it released the pdQ Smartphone, which has Palm PDA features and boasted internet connectivity. However, the first product to be officially marketed as a smartphone was the Ericsson R380. It was developed by Ericsson Mobile Communications and launched in 2000. By far, it was the best integration of PDA and mobile phone features.The Smartphone MarketThis might come as a surprise, but United States was not the first country to demonstrate mass acceptance of smartphone. Japan was way ahead of the game, when NTT DoCoMo came up with the first smartphones in 1999 that were adopted by a great majority of the country’s mobile users.T-Mobile’s Sidekick, which was released in 2002 saw smartphones slowly showing signs of success in the United States. This was then followed by Microsoft’s Windows Mobile and the BlackBerry.At that time, the operating system used by smartphones was Symbian. Late 2010, other smartphone operating systems were introduced, primarily Android, Blackberry and iOS. This was one of the main factors that contributed to the boom of the smartphone market. More manufacturers entered the market, releasing one smartphone after another. The number of smartphone users also increased exponentially, just as more app developers joined in to get a piece of the action.Here is a good overview on key metrics and developments of the worldwide smartphone market.[slideshare id=47916671doc=smartphoneindustryanalysis-150508154125-lva1-app6892w=640h=330]Smartphones were also originally used for business purposes and in corporate settings. The tide changed when smartphone manufacturers, led by Nokia, started integrating entertainment features in its smartphones. All of a sudden, smartphones are no longer only for business people; students, housewives and practically anyone can have it and will have a use for it.The smartphone market saw another upward spike when Apple entered the picture in 2007 with its iPhone. This smartphone came with a multi-touch interface and, while it may not be the first smartphone to have it, it’s the first to do it very well. Ease of use was one of the determining factors that drove buying decisions by consumers, and the fact that the iPhone completely dispensed with the need to use a stylus, pen, keypad, or an external keyboard, made it even more popular.Android smartphones also ensured that more and more consumer make the transition to smartphones. The first Android-based smartphone was T-Mobile G-1 or the HTC Dream, which was released in 2008. Microsoft also entered the smartphone market with its Windows Phone.Smartphones are, without a doubt, the major players in the mobile market today. Almost everyone has a smartphone. That is certainly not a statement that can be applied to desktop computers and tablets. It was around August of 2012 when the number of estimated users of smartphones in the worldwide reached 1 billion. In the United States, smartphone users made up 65% of all mobile users in 2013. This trend of smartphones taking the lion’s share of the SCD market is also seen in Europe, China and other parts of Asia.In deed, smartphone usage is a worldwide phenomenon. It was not surprising then, when IDC revealed statistics showing that the total shipments of smartphones in 2014 still overshadowed the combined number of shipments of personal computers and tablets. Smartphones made up 73.4% of the total, which is a far cry from the 16.8% of desktop computers and the 12.5% of tablets.THE FUTURE OF THE SCD MARKETIn the First Quarter 2015 forecast by the IDC, through its Worldwide Quarterly Smart Connected Device Tracker, the three segments â€" desktop, tablets and mobile â€" still shows a lot of growth potential for the next 5 years.This is despite the reality that, the desktop or PC market has faced more than its fair share of setbacks in recent years, and is continuing to face challenges. It still makes up a big piece of the SCD market pie. In 2014, desktop computers recorded sales of 1.6 billion units. The tracker forecasts that it will reach up to 2.5 billion units in 2019.Despite this, it is als o estimated that the distribution of desktop computers will further drop from 2014’s 16.8% to around 11.6% in 2019.The desktop and tablet markets are expected to be plagued with several more setbacks, making growth progress at a pace slower than that of the mobile market. Between 2010 and 2014, tablets have shown rapid increase in shipments, going from 2.8% to 12.5%. Four years from now, in 2019, tablet sales may rise in terms of units, but the distribution would be lower, as it is estimated to make up 10.7% of total shipments.Much of the SCD market environment today is attributed to the increasing demand and usage of smartphones. Total shipments for 2014 pegged smartphone shipments at 73.4%, and it appears that the distribution won’t be any different five years from now. In 2019, smartphones are seen to still dominate the SCD market, claiming 77.8% of the total shipments.Basically, forecasts show that the market for desktop computers, smartphones and tablets will continue to gr ow in the next five years, in terms of physical unit sales or shipment volume. However, in terms of growth, desktop computers will be on a gradual but steady decline, which is in complete contrast to tablets and smartphones. As expected, smartphones are foreseen to continue their dominant streak, taking more than two-thirds of the whole shipment pie.

Body Imaging Has A Negative Effect On Society - 1716 Words

Every night thousands of girls cry themselves to sleep or lean over the toilet vomiting, wishing they looked like the girls they see on media sources. Body image is the way you see yourself and imagine how you look (Positive and Negative Body Images). Society makes girls and women think that if they aren’t skinny, they aren’t pretty and no one will like them. Girls feel pressured by society to have ‘perfect’ bodies, this encourages bad eating habits (Schulten). This affects how thousands of girls see themselves and how they feel about their body. Body imaging has a huge negative effect on society. Although, some may argue that body imaging has a positive effect on girls because it prevents obesity, body imaging is actually a dangerous†¦show more content†¦Since teenage girls don’t think they look like these models, they hate their bodies and are really uncomfortable with them. They aren’t comfortable with being themselves. Young child ren under the age of 10 start worrying about being overweight and worry about their looks. Little girls shouldn’t have to worry about being ‘perfect’. Young girls are influenced to be skinny by all their dolls that are always super skinny and have curves in all the right places, and also have an excessive amount of makeup on. Girls grow up thinking they need to look like that. All the girls they see on television or in magazines, on social media sites, or even in movies are never overweight. Or at least appear to be that way. Magazine companies, television producers, and movie producers will spend months and months digitally editing photos so they look flawless. The girls on magazine covers or on television or in movies will appear to have perfect skin, no stretch marks, no scars, a perfect tan and hardly any fat. If you were to meet these women and girls in person they aren’t as flawless as the magazines. movies and television makes them look. Also, guys see the girls in magazines, in movies and on television, seeing how ‘flawless’ these girls are. They then expect every girl to be like that. Girls then feel like if they aren’t skinny enough, guys won’t find them attractive or even look at them. Girls will go to drastic measures to lose the ‘extra’ weight to have ‘perfect’ bodies, such as

What Was the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

The Kansas-Nebraska Act was devised as a compromise over slavery in 1854, as the nation was beginning to be torn apart in the decade before the Civil War. Power brokers on Capitol Hill hoped it would  reduce tensions and perhaps provide a lasting political solution to the contentious issue. Yet when it was passed into law in 1854, it had the opposite effect. It led to increased violence over slavery in Kansas, and it hardened positions across the nation. The Kansas-Nebraska Act was a major step on the road to Civil War. Opposition to it changed the political landscape across the nation. And it also had a profound effect on one particular American, Abraham Lincoln, whose political career was reinvigorated by his opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Roots of the Problem The issue of slavery had caused a series of dilemmas for the young nation as new states joined the Union. Should slavery be legal in new states, specifically the states that would be in the area of the Louisiana Purchase? The issue was settled for a time by the Missouri Compromise. That piece of legislation, passed in 1820, simply took the southern border of Missouri, and essentially extended it westward on the map. New states to the north of it would be free states, and new states to the south of the line would be slave states. The Missouri Compromise held things in balance for a time, until a new set of problems emerged following the Mexican War. With Texas, the southwest, and California now territories of the United States, the issue of whether new states in the west would be free states or slave states became prominent. Things seemed to be settled for a time when the Compromise of 1850 was passed. Included in that legislation were provisions bringing California into the Union as a free state and also allowing residents of New Mexico to decide whether to be a slave or free state. Reasons for the Kansas-Nebraska Act The man who devised the Kansas-Nebraska Act in early 1854, Senator Stephen A. Douglas, actually had a fairly practical goal in mind: the expansion of railroads. Douglas, a New Englander who had transplanted himself to Illinois, had a grand vision of railroads crossing the continent, with their hub being in Chicago, in his adopted home state. The immediate problem was that the huge wilderness to the west of Iowa and Missouri would have to be organized and brought into the Union before a railroad to California could be built. And holding everything up was the country’s perennial debate over slavery. Douglas himself was opposed to slavery but did not have any great conviction about the issue, perhaps because he had never actually lived in a state where slavery was legal. Southerners did not want to bring in a single large state that would be free. So Douglas came up with the idea of creating two new territories, Nebraska and Kansas. And he also proposed the principle of â€Å"popular sovereignty,† under which the residents of the new territories would vote on whether slavery would be legal in the territories. Controversial Repeal of the Missouri Compromise One problem with this proposal is that it contradicted the Missouri Compromise, which had been holding the country together for more than 30 years. And a southern senator, Archibald Dixon of Kentucky, demanded that a provision specifically repealing the Missouri Compromise be inserted into the bill Douglas proposed. Douglas gave in to the demand, though he reportedly said it would â€Å"raise a hell of a storm.† He was right. The repeal of the Missouri Compromise would be seen as inflammatory by a great many people, particularly in the north. Douglas introduced his bill in early 1854, and it passed the Senate in March. It took weeks to pass the House of Representatives, but it was finally signed into law by President Franklin Pierce on May 30, 1854. As news of its passage spread, it became clear that the bill which was supposed to be a compromise to settle tensions was actually doing the opposite. In fact, it was incendiary. Unintended Consequences The provision in the Kansas-Nebraska Act calling for popular sovereignty, the idea that residents of the new territories would vote on the issue of slavery, soon caused major problems. Forces on both sides of the issue began arriving in Kansas, and outbreaks of violence resulted. The new territory was soon known as Bleeding Kansas, a name bestowed upon it by Horace Greeley, the influential editor of the New York Tribune. Open violence in Kansas reached a peak in 1856 when pro-slavery forces burned the free soil settlement of Lawrence, Kansas. In response, the fanatical abolitionist John Brown and his followers murdered men who supported slavery. The bloodshed in Kansas even reached the halls of Congress, when a South Carolina Congressman, Preston Brooks, attacked abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts, beating him with a cane on the floor of the US Senate. Opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Act Opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act organized themselves into the new Republican Party. And one particular American, Abraham Lincoln, was prompted to re-enter politics. Lincoln had served one unhappy term in Congress in the late 1840s  and had put his political aspirations aside. But Lincoln, who had known and sparred in Illinois with Stephen Douglas before, was so offended by what Douglas had done by writing and passing the Kansas-Nebraska Act that he began speaking out at public meetings. On October 3, 1854, Douglas appeared at the Illinois State Fair in Springfield and spoke for more than two hours, defending the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Abraham Lincoln rose at the end  and announced that he would speak the next day in response. On October 4, Lincoln, who out of courtesy invited Douglas to sit on the stage with him, spoke for more than three hours denouncing Douglas and his legislation. The event brought the two rivals in Illinois back into nearly constant conflict. Four years later, of course, they would hold the famed Lincoln-Douglas debates while in the midst of a senate campaign. And while no one in 1854 may have foreseen it, the Kansas-Nebraska Act had set the nation hurtling toward an eventual Civil War.

Tv Program Free Essays

Many people believe that TV programs are no value. Do you agree ? Since our parents’ generation, the argument of the value of TV programs was begin. People debate about the advantages and disadvantages of the TV programs. We will write a custom essay sample on Tv Program or any similar topic only for you Order Now Today, same like most of the IT product, TV is become the integral part of a family. If say all the TV programs are no value to people, that means most of the human in the world are probably make the same mistake. Obviously, it is not true. TV programs bring a lot of benefits to people, first of all is spreading knowledge. Through different kind of documentaries, various of knowledge can be easily received by viewer with a more interesting way than the books. For example, the National Geography channel, Discovery channel and BBC Documentary Channel provide History, Geography, and the Humane Studies information in their programs. Those all channel attract a large number of audiences including adult, children and the aged to watch their program and gain the relevant knowledge. Today’s society is an extremely competitive society, people usually spend most of their time on works. The only one or two hours time that able to be relaxed by people is normally the night time. And the relaxed variety show naturally become the best choice to refresh themselves at that time. There is a habit around people after and before they stay in bed– watching news on television. And the fact is, this is the fastest and most effective way to get information. Everyday, the BBC News and Sky News provide the latest information to people through their beautiful and handsome newsreader. Those useful information from TV is helpful to people making the important decision. The last point in this article is the most important value of the TV programs– to connect every family member. No matter as a parent or child, there are too much reasons to let people bury themselves in works and no time to stay with their family. The television programs give them the chance to enjoy the family relationships together and make it closer. As a conclusion, TV programs are valuable and helpful to people. They not only bring knowledge and information to people, but also entertain them and facilitate the family relationships. But people should control the time that they watch the TV and choose the legitimate and useful programs so that they can enjoy the TV programs with happiness. How to cite Tv Program, Essay examples

Introduction on Professional Values and Ethics

At the very basic level, a professional is someone who has undergone specialized training for a certain vocation. However, a professional is not solely defined by this attribute but also by his adherence to certain values and behavior that are inherent in the particular profession. This is because every professional group has a code of conduct which stipulates what is admissible behavior within the profession.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction on Professional Values and Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A professional is required to align himself/herself to these values and constantly aim to exhibit certain principles and responsibilities which are desired in the particular profession. Professional ethics are stipulated by professional bodies which endorse the code of ethics that professionals in a certain field should adhere to. Ethics can loosely be defined as a system of moral principles by wh ich social conduct is judged as either â€Å"right† or â€Å"wrong†. As such, ethics are moral principles which prescribe what legitimate behavior in varied dealings is. On the other hand, Values are what professionals judge to be right and they are obtained from a higher authority than the individual; for example, the government or the society (Bagad, 2007). These values and ethics act as the standard for the professional and take precedence over other qualities therefore dictating the manner in which an individual may act in particular instances. While professional values and ethics may vary from profession to profession, they are of utmost important for they define standards that are to be expected from the professional. Professional values and ethics are not only desirable but mandatory for the success of the organization or setting in which the professional applies himself. Sources of Professional Values One profession which has well established ethics and values is the teaching profession. These ethical issues are enshrined in the â€Å"National Educational Associations† code of ethics which prescribes what is considered to be good behaviour for a teaching professional (NEA, 2010). These ethical values for teachers are based on the underlying principles of commitment to the student and commitment to the teaching profession that every member of the teaching practice is meant to ascribe to. From the NEA code, teachers are able to obtain the standard code of proper conduct for the teaching profession as well as ideals that regulate their conduct therefore leading to professionalism. References Bagad, V. S. (2007). Professional Ethics Human Values. Technical Publications.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More NEA. (2010). Code of Ethics. Retrieved from: www.nea.org This essay on Introduction on Professional Values and Ethics was written and submitted by user Demetrius T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe essays

Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe essays There are many controversies in religion. Many questions are raised to challenge the beliefs of millions of people around the world. Is there one "true" religion? Is there only one God or many gods? These controversies overlap each other and distinguish certain religions from others. Christianity was a powerful venom that was injected into the primitive tribes of Lower Niger. The power of religion did more destruction than guidance when it came to the culture of a primitive tribe of Lower Niger. Christianity guided the religion of the Umuofia in many ways. It proved many of their beliefs false and encouraged the Lower Niger tribes to experience love and compassion shown through Christianity. Followers were easily attracted when the missionaries survived for several nights in the Evil Forest. Christianity guided the tribes of the Lower Niger into a greater understanding of the world. Barbaric rituals and the killing of twins did not make sense in the first place. Christianity opened the eyes of the Umuofia and other tribes in the Lower Niger. It gave a path for those who didn't believe in barbaric rituals and insane beliefs. It was more like a safe haven for those with caring hearts. It attracted Nwoye almost instantly. Although Christianity guided the primitive tribes of the Lower Niger into a greater understanding of things, it also caused a lot of destruction. Christianity nearly annhilated the culture and faith of these primitive tribes. What began as a peaceful missionary outreach to the tribes, turned into a harsh and violent attempt to convert all the tribes. Mr. Smith, an intolerant and strict man, tried doing so with the help of Enoch, a zealous convert. Unmasking an egwugwu during a sacred ritual only made the tribesmen angry. They burned Enoch's compound and Mr. Smith's church down. By going too far to trying to convert primitive tribespeople, Christianity was overpowered by the culture and faith of ...

How to Write a Perfect Caregiver Resume (Examples Included)

How to Write a Perfect Caregiver Resume (Examples Included) caregivers, also known as home health aides, are an essential part of the healthcare industry. they may not get the glory or the fame, but it doesn’t get much more necessary than helping people get through their daily lives. with patience, compassion, and a stellar bedside manner, these aides work with patients at home to help them with daily tasks like feeding, bathing, and moving around. their patients may include people with disabilities or the elderly. if you don’t have a degree (beyond high school/ged), or are just getting started, this can be a great career path. let’s look at caregiver resume samples from three different caregivers: one just starting out, a daycare provider, and a certified home health aide. first up is helene, who is looking for her first fulls)How to Write a Perfect Occupational Therapist ResumeHow to Write a Perfect Physician Assistant Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Receptionist Resume (Examples Included)How to Create a Perfect Retail ResumeHow to Write a Perfect Sales Associate Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Social Worker Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Truck Driver Resume (With Examples)How to Write a Perfect Administrative Assistant Resume (Examples Included)

Hierarchy of Needs and FIT theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Hierarchy of Needs and FIT theory - Essay Example It is the fulfillment of the self through our efforts in developing our potential – the essence we are born with; and the acceptance of our limitations. It is our life purpose unfolded, integrated into the self and lived. Now, in keeping with his theory up to this point, if you want to be truly self-actualizing, you need to have your lower needs taken care of, at least to a considerable extent. This makes sense: If you are hungry, you are scrambling to get food; If you are unsafe, you have to be continuously on guard; If you are isolated and unloved, you have to satisfy that need; If you have a low sense of self-esteem, you have to be defensive or compensate. When lower needs are unmet, you can’t fully devote yourself to fulfilling your potentials. Once a person does not feel the needs of self esteem, he or she can weather the storms of daily life. Else they can feel lost. It isn’t surprising, then, the world being as difficult as it is, that only a small percent age of the world’s population is truly, predominantly, self-actualizing. Maslow at one point suggested only about two percent!

Controversy Japanese Internment Camps Research Paper

Controversy Japanese Internment Camps - Research Paper Example were not included in these camps (Joy, p104). The President of United Stated Franklin D. Roosevelt declared war with Japan on December 7, 1941 after the Japan’s attack on the Pearl Harbour. After this declaration situation became worst for the Japanese living in the United Stated and most of them had to go through extremely tough time that they had never thought about. The President allowed the removal of all the Japanese from their homes to the guarded camps established in the interior part of the country. In this way the Japanese living in United States had to pay very heavy cost of Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour and getting United States involved in the war (Karen, p183). During this process, over 120,000 Japanese were taken out from their homes in United States and they were forces to leave their houses, work places, businesses and lives they were living in US. They were moved to the camps that were mostly set up in the desert areas with little facilities of life. There was no running water around the camps and the imprisoners were all time surrounded by barbed wires and guards. The establishment of these camps and moving the Japanese descents in these camps was a highly controversial step taken by the government of United States and the action started up heated and prolonged debate about the justification of the action taken by the U.S government. The government of United States put forward their stance that they had the fear of further attacks from Japan on their territory and they see the danger of presence of Japanese descent spying for Japan. They justified the establishment of camps that the step was taken to avoid the possible support provided by the Japanese American to their homeland by providing information to the Japanese or though different assets and cooperation (Nash et al, p92). Despite this justification the experts and people widely opposed the act of United Stated to detain the Japanese American in these camps and the justificatio n given by the U.S. government was also rejected. It was argues from the other side that almost two third of the interned were American citizens and half of the people kept in the camps were children. There were no evidences to prove the involvement of these people in the spying activity neither there were sign of disloyalty for America shown by these people. These camps were also criticised for providing poor living conditions to the detainees. It was reported that the people had problems in getting access to fresh water. The weather was extremely harsh and the environment of the camps was also very hostile and antagonistic. The members of the families were separated from each other and they were kept in different camps from where they found it impossible to contact their family members and reunite with them. Throughout the war there were just ten people found accused to spying for Japan and over 120,000 people were kept in the camps just because of doubt of spying and disloyalty ( Daniels et al, p54). The government of United States clarified that the step was necessary to strengthen the position of America in the war by eliminating the possibilities of spying and internal support to Japan from America but it is widely believe that it was just a cover used to justify the action and in real the step was led by racism and biasness for the Japanese Americans. The detention of Japanese Americans also became matter of

Impacts of Stress on the Well Being of Undergraduate Nurses

Impacts of Stress on the Well Being of Undergraduate Nurses Sanober Fazal Introduction Every person in this world is surrounded by different kinds of stresses. (Kohler et al., 2006) as cited in (Martos et al., 2012) â€Å"stress refers to a dynamic interaction between the individual and the environment. In this interaction, demands, limitations, and opportunities related to work may be perceived as threatening to surpass the individual’s resources and skill†. Stress in my point of view is a pressure which effects our mind and unable us to do our daily activities properly. It affects our mental, psychological, physical and emotional health. According to (Manney, Mk, Paul, Shashidhar, 2011) students are more porne to stress and it negatively effects on their mental health, educational success, self-grooming and effect on future. The same authors stated medical education as stressful. There are many factors which causes stress and that compromise the well-being of student nurses which will be discuss later in this paper.(O’Donnell ,2009) stated that many nursing student left the program due to unbearable stress. The rational for choosing this topic is that it’s my own observation and experience that stress is higher in undergraduate nurses. They are always over burden with assignments, regular papers as well as classes, clinical and, group works. All the time they have to sit in front of laptops or books. They have less time for themselves as well as for their families and friends. Other than this many undergraduate nurses end up with mental distress, many tried to do suicidal attempts and many withdraw the nursing career. Stress is the hurdle in the well-being of students, it affects negatively on their academics and social life. Many theories have been proposed for the better understanding of stress. According to (Cannon, 1929) as cites in (Davidyan, 2008), he talked about response theory. According to him our body works on basic principle of equilibrium (homeostasis). If the external stimulus is strong and body cannot cope with it than it really disturb the normal mechanism of body and causes stress. If the person handle the situation properly than it will be called a balance condition. Another theory given by (Hans selye, 1956) as cited in same article which describe a theory of general reaction of individual to different stressors. He discussed about three stages: Alarm reaction, resistance and exhaustion. In alarm reaction there is a condition of fight and flight and organism try to control the situation by physiological responses. After which resistance stage occurs. Here body builds resistance against stressor. Last stage is exhaustion where all the energy is lost, no further resistance exists and indi vidual ends in chronic stress. It indicates that a person should response appropriately in every stage to prevent complications of stress. Unfortunately, the prevalence of stress in Pakistani students is very high especially in nursing students. In Pakistan the image of nursing profession is very bad. There is no respect for this noble profession therefore, very little researches and studies has been done on it. According to Khowaja (2009) Pakistan is a discriminating society and there is no value of nursing that’s why there are always issues. A study was done on the prevalence of stress by Kumar and Nancy (2011) in Punjab, Pakistan. According to the study, out of 180 undergraduate nurses, 34.4 % had moderate stress, 32.8 % had mild and maximum stress respectively. Another study was carried in CMH College Lahore on 200 students. The result showed that the mean stress was 30.87, nearly same with result of Punjab college students. It indicates high level of stress in Pakistani nursing students. What Are the Factors of Stress in Undergraduate Nurses? There are many factors of stress among undergraduate nurses. For example they have to do lots of assignment, hard work, GPA, frequent exams, clinical both supervised and unsupervised. Moreover, the other factors which lead to stress are fear of faculty, staff, patient and their different disease status, lack of proper guidance and self-awareness. As an undergraduate nurse it’s my own experience and observation that both the supervised and unsupervised clinical are more stressful because students are expected to do many assignment and skills at the same time. Undergraduate nurses have to do assignment given by their faculty, by staff nurse and they have to give holistic care to patients. They are supposed to take care of severe patients with infectious disease and with aggressive behavior which cause stress in student nurses. Many of these factors were also mentioned in literature. Reevea et al., (2013) also highlighted clinical assignment as one of the factor of stress. It is more time consuming and students become socially isolated. The other cause of stress mentioned in the same articles is neglection from patients and from their attaindance, from staff nurse and other health care professionals. According to Abbey et al., (2011) issues from surrounding society, educational, and financial can also lead to stress. In an article written by somani khowaja (2012) it was mentioned that in Pakistani society work place violence and lower status of nursing profession is also a cause of stress in nurses. Patients and their relatives think this profession is not good and always try to abuse them. Magnavita and heponiemi (2011) mentioned physical and verbal violence as source of stress in nursing students during their clinical placement. Furthermore, international nursing review (2012) three main types of stressors are mentioned: (1) clinical stressors which include anxiety of not achieving expectations and communication gap between patients and hospital members. (2) Academic stressors. For example ongoing assessment and quizzes, not passing the programme and hectic timetable. (3) Personal/ social stressors which means financial issues and issues in home and school works. A cross sectional study was done in Pakistan’s shifa nursing college by Shomail and Faisal (2012). In this study total 78 nursing students participated. The findings of study on score of stress level in different factors were as follow, theory = 2.37, clinical experience =3.5, college environment= 2.39, social environment=251. In my opinion these factors of stress bring tremendous alteration in an individual’s health. What Are Implications of Stress in Undergraduate Nurses? According to labrague (2013), stress has adverse outcomes not only on physical, psychological and social health but as whole well-being. (Shirom, 2003) as cited in (Martos et al., 2012), stress lead to physical, psychological and behavioral impairment in an individual. I have seen many people with stress who cannot sleep without medications and they left to take proper diet. (Chang et.al 2006) as cited in (Lim, Bogossian and Ahern, 2010) reported consequences of stress on physical health that is increased pressures, sleep disturbance and tiredness. In another literature it says stress in nursing students creates issues in memory, in judgmental skills and in coping styles, Goff (2011). The students, who encounter stress, mainly have poor thinking and this further aggravate their psychological problems. I witnessed one of my classmate who developed psychological symptoms in second year 2013 due to increased stress in her academics. She was admitted in psychiatric ward for more than 2 m onths and still she takes medications. I observed the same symptoms in her which are mentioned in the literatures. According to literature, undergraduate nurse end up in mental issues due to increase level of stress. It causes emotional distress that is nervousness, low self-esteem, isolation, aggression, anxiety etc.(Jimenez,OsorioDiaz, 2010).In Karachi, Pakistan a study was conducted in three medical colleges and students participated were 360. They found gastro intestinal problems especially irritable bowel syndrome in students. It was mentioned in the article that irritable bowel syndrome is because of psychological stress in students. (Naeem et al., 2012). Moreover, (Prasad et al., 2013) also talked about psychological impacts of stress which lead to loss of concentration in educational field, loss of energy which ultimately leads to low output and thoughts of suicide. I also witnessed many cases where people did suicide, left the program, developed loneliness and symptoms like anxiety and drug abuse. O’Donnell (2009) stated that due to increased stress students are unable to focus and complete their nursing degree. They do not pay attention towards their studies which makes their life complicated.Galbraith and brown (2011) mentioned behavior related affects like use of alcohol, smoking and other drugs. Students use drugs as alternative coping strategies. The individual who suffer from violence may develop symptoms that persist for many years. They blame themselves for the incidence, feeling ashamed, and embarrassed. It alters their social life and builds negative thought about their career (magnavitaheponiemi, 2011).Yet another article by Mane et al. (2011) stated stress causes weak performance in education and in their later job life. Moreover they face many problems in their social life and personnel life. In my view stress always hinders in the progression of students whether it is there education, career, and health, their personal or social l ife. Strategies and Interventions There are many interventions and strategies to reduce the factors and negative impacts of stress in undergraduate nurses. According to (humped caputi, 2011) as cited in â€Å"Nurses education today†, student nurses are more exposed to stress and they need to build their capacity to balance their thoughts and cope constructively. Lim et al. (2010) found basic education of undergraduates very beneficial in control of stress.(Hubbard et al., 1984) as cited in ( Reevea et al., 2013) ; Yamashita and Miwasaito, 2012), mentioned about social support. According to which a strong support from others (friends and family members) enhance positivity in their health and thinking. Other than this a good relationship between students and their faculty can builds trust and confidence in students to perform their task courageously. (Jimenez ,2010; Yearwood and Riley, 2013), also mentioned that faculties should understand student’s stress so that they can support them in their grooming, progression and a proper guidance in clinical set up also reduce their stress level. In addition (Gibbons, 2010; Shomail Faisal, 2012), mentioned that the positive regards from teachers and colleague is helpful in stress management. According to Laragia (2013) to decrease stress in undergraduate nurses it is important to assess the cause and level of stress to plan interventions accordingly and help students in their theoretical and practical skill. Mane et al. (2011) highlighted about relaxation therapies and solution to those factors which are more common in students stress. Yamashita et al. (2012) found self-awareness and knowledge of dealing with stress as important strategies in alleviating of stress. Conclusion and Recommendation In conclusion every profession is stressful but nursing is more stressful and undergraduate nurses are more vulnerable to stress. There are many causes of stress which impacts the well-being of student nurses. The causes are increase work load in classes as well as in clinical, lack of knowledge, low self-esteem, encountering challenges with staff, patients and clinical placement. Undergraduates face many consequences of stress for example they suffer from psychological, emotional, social, and physical problem. They develop symptoms of suicidal ideation, alter in thought process, self with drawl from social life, high blood pressure, sleep problems, anxiety, frustration and it also impacts on their academics. Furthermore, it is very essential to find the root causes of stress and make proper strategies to reduce it. It is important for students that they should develop positive coping skills and cooperative relationship with faculties, staff and other professionals. Students can also take benefit from their social circle like from their parents and friends. In Pakistan nurses image is very poor and this lead to stress and many other issues in nurses. A proper research is needed to find the causes, prevalence and impacts of stress on the well-being of undergraduate nurses. I would recommend that students and teachers should make support group which will find out or help those students who are in stress. Furthermore, institution should not over burden the students. They should plan such activities which help them in relieving their stress such as sport timing, parties, and psychotherapy and counseling classes. If these strategies are implemented than students will be healthy and ultimately, there will be productive outcome. References Davidyan,A. (2008, January 10). Retrieved from http://http://www.severehypertension.net/hbp/more/theories-of-stress/ Donnell,O. (2009). The emotional impact of nursing student attrition rates.British Journal of Nursing,18(12), 745-747, 750, 752-754. Retrieved from http://www.scopus.com/ Galbraith,N.D., Brow,K.E. (2011). Assessing intervention effectiveness for reducing stress in student nurses.Journal of Advanced Nursing,67(4), 709-721. Retrieved from onlinelibrarywiley.com Gibbons., Dampster., Moutray. (2011). Differences in Perceived Stress and Its Correlates among students in professional courses.JCDR,5(6), 1228-1233. Retrieved from http://www.jcdr.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709xyear=2011volume=5issue=6page=1228issn=0973-709xid=1620 Gibbons,C. (2010). Stress, coping and burn-out in nursing students.International Journal of Nursing Studies,47(10), 1299-1309. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/ Goff,A.M. (2011). Stressors, academic performance and learned resourcefulness in baccalaureate nursing student.International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship, 8(1). Jimenez,C., Navia-osorio,P.M., Diaz,C.V. (2010). Stress and health in novice and experienced nursing students.Journal of Advanced Nursing,66(2), 442-455. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05183.x/full Khowaja,K. (2009). International perspective: health care systems and care delivery in Pakistan.Journal of Nursing Administrator,39(6), 263-265. Retrieved from www.nursing center.com Kumar,R., Nancy. (2011). stress and coping strategies among nursing students.Nursing and Midwifery Research Journal,7(4), 141-151. Retrieved from medind.nic.in Labrague,L.J. (2013). Stress, stressor and stress responses of student nurse in a government nursing school. Retrieved from www.hsj.gr Lim,J., Bogossian,F., Ahern,K. (2010). Stress and coping in Australian nurses: a systematic review.International Nursing Review,57(1), 22-31. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ Magnavita,N., Heponiemi,T. (2011). Work place violence against nursing students and nurses.Journal of Nursing scholarship,43(2), 203-210. Retrieved from on line library. Wiley .com Manney,A.B., Mk,K., Paul,N., Shashidhar,H. (2011). Differences in Perceived Stress and Its Correlates among Students in Professional Courses.Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research,5(6), 1228-1233. Retrieved from http://www.jcdr.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709xyear=2011volume=5issue=6page=1228issn=0973-709xid=1620 Martos,M.P., Augusto-landa,J.M., Lopez -zafra,E. (2011). Sources of stress in nursing students: a systematic review of quantitative studies.International Nursing Review,59(1), 15-25. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1466-7657.2011.00939.x/full Por,J., Barriball,L., Fitzpatrick,J., Roberts,J. (2011). Emotional intelligence: Its relationship to stress, coping, well-being and professional performance in nursing students .Nurse Education Today,31(8), 855-860. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0260691711000086 Prasad,C.V., Suresh,A., Thomas,D.K., Pritty,M.K., Beebi,S., Multazim,V. (2013). The level of stress and coping mechanism adopted by I Year B.Sc. nursing students.AMHS,1(1), 19-23. Retrieved from http://www.amhsjournal.org/ Reevea,K.L., Shumaker,C.J., Yearwooda,E.L., B., Crowella,N.A., Rileya,J.B. (2013). Perceived stress and social support in undergraduate nursing students educational experiences.Nurse Education Today,33(4), 419-424. Sawatzky, Richard, Ratner,G., Pamela,A., Richardson, Chris, Patricia. (2012). Stress and Depression in Students: The Mediating Role of Stress Management Self-efficacy. Nursing Research,61(1), 13-21. Retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/ Shomail,S., Faisal,A. (2012). Stressor and coping strategies among baccalaureate nursing students at Shifa college of nursing Islamabad, Pakistan.International Journal of Nursing education,4(2), 193-197. Somani,R.K., Khowaja,K. (2012). Work place violance towards nurse a reality from Pakistani context.Journal of Nursing Education and Practice,2(3). Retrieved from www.sciedu.ca/jnep Yamashita,K., Miwasaito. (2012). stress and coping styles in Japanese nursing students. International Journal Nursing Practice,18(5), 489-492.

K3 Bahan Kimia

Diss. ETHNo. 17186 Decision-making Framework for Chemical Process Design Including Different Stages of Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Assessment A dissertation submitted to ETH Zurich for the Doctor of Sciences degree (Dr. of ETH sc. Zurich) presented by HlROKAZU SUGIYAMA Master of Engineering, The University of Tokyo born 30. 09. 1978 citizen of Japan accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Konrad Hungerbuhler, examiner Prof. Dr. Masahiko Prof. Dr. Alexander Hirao, co-examiner Wokaun, co-examiner 2007 Acknowledgement This thesis is the result of almost four years of research at the Safety and EnvironmentalTechnology group at ETH Zurich. During this time, many wonderful people provided me with scientific and personal support. appreciation to I would like to express my sincerest Konrad Hungerbuhler for giving me the opportunity to conduct this thesis work at his group. He guided my research with a well- balanced amount of critical and creative, broad and in-depth to commen ts. My deepest gratitude also belongs my work with Ulrich Fischer who was most dedicated in supervising was so precious ideas, great atmosphere enthusiasm and steadfast our leadership, and besides important for the great in process group.My special thanks go to Masahiko Hirao who provided the other essential pillar from Japan I was under the international and multicultural collaboration framework. The opportunity given I am to conduct parts of this project to at his group is very much appreciated. a also particularly grateful as Alexander Wokaun for his kind acceptance to be on second reviewer of the thesis well as creative comments this work. The financial support from Nagai Foundation Tokyo greatly is gratefully acknowledged. this work of CIBA Numerous people from industry contributed to by giving Specialty me insights from industrial practice.I would like to thank Gerhard Giger Chemicals for the Go Inoue big picture of industrial process development, Koichi Nagai, Kunihiko Shigem atsu, and Hisanori Watanabe of Sumitomo Chemicals, Hermann Siegelt and Dirk Sarcinelli of Degussa for specific experiences on MMA production processes, and Karl Straessle of Zurich am Financial Services for know-how of industrial hazard assessment. I Iwao Matsumoto of JEEL for his IDEF also very grateful to expertise, and Yoshio Kumagae of PreFEED for his valuable comments on process design heuristics. My research further profited greatly from Volker Hoffmann at ETH Zurich for any academic researchers. Special thanks go to Tetsuo providing at his economy-oriented perspectives, Institute of Fuchino, Atsushi Aoyama and Yuji Naka Tokyo Technology for encouraging the direction of integrated process design, of and all members of Hirao for Laboratory especially working-time Yasunori Kikuchi at the University Tokyo sharing joyful and creative whenever I returned there. During my work I had a constant support from ETH Chemistry Library I would like to express my to access to various kinds o f literatures, and representatively appreciation Engelbert Zass for his enthusiastic help. workingI I had a most wonderful time in the creative and am hearty atmosphere of the Safety and Environmental Technology Group. most thankful to Elena Antonijuan, Isaac Kweku Adu, Andrea Bumann and Thomas Albrecht for their excellent performance in master theses and/or post-master database projects. My special a thanks go to Shailesh Shah who set up the EHS ready as perfect information-basis of this work. Many thanks I want to give to Ramon, Laurent, Fabio W, Fabio V, Georg, Valerie, Annette, Maximilian and Stefano who made my starting phase at ETH great and easy, and likewise to Matthias, Heike, Judith, David,Harald and Roland who shared the office G136 but also the ups and downs of research with me. I am particularly powerful thankful to Prisca for her IT friendly help in all administrative issues and to Erol for his and troubleshooting. My great appreciation belongs experiences and discussi ons as Andrej M, Levente Andrej S who shared many members of the process group, also to Christian, Martin, Stefanie and Matthew who helped I would like to me through their environmental expertise. and dearly thank all members of our group for all the magnificent days nights including SOLA, bike-tours, ski-weekends, and Toggele. ove, support My deepest appreciation and gratitude is reserved for and their my parents, for all their unwavering faith in me. Zurich, May 2007 Hirokazu Sugiyama Abstract In recent years, chemical a core companies have adopted the concept of sustainable development as business value. The basis of various decision-making in their entire business has been extended to cover aspects, especially non-monetary issues, the in addition to economic performance. sustainability This thesis From the viewpoint of chemical engineering, big challenge is to integrate criteria early a in process design for as design objectives. rocess presents framework of chemical design, whi ch incorporates multi objective consideration economic, and environmental, health and safety (EHS) different aspects in decision-making over design stages. With a focus on the early design according phase, to four stages, Process Chemistry as a I/II and Conceptual Design I/II, modeling are defined the available information basis for process and assessment. For each defined to economy, stage, appropriate modeling methods and evaluation indicators with respect lifethe cycle environmental impacts, EHS hazard and technical aspects are selected. Based at on evaluation esults, multi objective decision-making is performed systematically the each stage. A case study on methyl methacrylate (MMA) production study, which processes is applied throughout routes this thesis. This case uniquely offers 17 potential synthesis and various types of chemicals in the reaction network, is applied for demonstrating the framework. Starting with 17 an possible synthesis routes, optimized inferior routes are eliminated step-by-step and at is the last stage flowsheet of the route with the best multi objective case performance produced. observing Another part of the the evaluation study alidates decisions made within the framework over by profile of six routes when different stages. Most routes are correctly selected at earlier routes. cause design stages are compared are to the detailed assessment results of all six Several factors identified that to available in detail only at later stages, and which significant updates the results. Among these are the magnitude of energy consumption, EHS investment cost, the amount of loss of valuable of materials, and the monetary and a implications newly considered substances. For these parameters there is measures need to have better estimates in the form of proxy lready at earlier stages. Two what-if analyses are presented to examine how the assessment results are change when the different process options or evaluation settings considered. One ana lysis investigates l impact of specifying process options at the detailed conceptual design stage, i. e. the rigorous flowsheeting stage, economy and and the effect of choosing different setups in evaluation for the criteria of The MMA case life-cycle environmental impacts. options study quantitatively reveals that, among different types of process and evaluation settings, specifying alternatives in reaction chemistry, e. . synthesis path, has the most significant impact. This result confirms the importance layouts of reliable proxy indicators for for different forecasting unknown aspects, e. g. detailed process synthesis paths, in early design stages. the As the second part of the assessment what-if analysis, Several and impact of method selection can on the EHS results is presented. simple methods that The be applied in the early phases are compared qualitatively on quantitatively. assessment results change significantly depending The overall the hazard evaluation method in the ap plied in each of the EHS aspects. scope, iscrepancy mathematical result stems from the differences in the manner considered mass parameters, formulation, and especially own that process no information is treated. However, each method has its merit of one background and there is unique or method a over the other in any of the EHS aspects. The appropriate simplicity can degree only of detail of method considering early design phases where it be applied is the characteristic that separates the methods. Finally, the developed framework is serves as represented by using a a standardized activity modeling use technique, IDEFO, enables the which of blueprint f the business model. The same of IDEFO The description complex activities in detail and at the time transparently. activity model is defined for the four I to design stages as of the framework, i. e. from Process Chemistry Conceptual Design II, the activities to which appropriate case instructions and are resources are provided by as a project manager. Findings in the from the studies included in this activity model, know-how to be exploited design. traditional economic criteria with In summary, this dissertation demonstrates how to integrate non-conventional environment, health and safety criteria in ecision-making over different the stages of process design. This systematization will support chemical industry to undergo paradigm shift towards sustainability in developing processes. 11 Zusammenfassung Wahrend der letzten als Jahre hat die chemische Die Industrie Basis fur das die Konzept der nachhaltigen Entwicklung Kerngeschaft eingefuhrt. um Entscheidungsfindung besonders im gesamten Geschaftsbetrieb wurde finanzielle verschiedene zu Aspekte erweitert, nicht ¬ Gesichtspunkte des wurden zusatzlich den okonomischen Kriterien erfasst. Aus der die grosse von Perspektive Chemieingenieurwesens liegt in Herausforderung ahrend in der die Prozessenticklung Entwicklungsziele. Diese Dissertation welches die der fruhen Integration Nachhaltigkeitskriterien prasentiert ein Rahmenkonzept Zielgrossen fur die aus Entwicklung chemische Prozesse, aus Berucksichtigung mehrere Wirtschaft, sowie den Bereichen Umwelt, Gesundheit und Sicherheit (UGS) wahrend verschiedener Entwicklungsstufen fur eine Entscheidungsfindung beinhaltet. Mit einem Schwerpunkt auf der fruhen I/II Planungsphase den werden die vier Stufen Process Chemistry eine Stufe I/II und Conceptual Design entsprechend und verfugbaren definiert. Informationen als Basis fur dieProzessmodellierung Bewertung und UGS Fur jede definierte werden entsprechende Modellierungsmethoden okologischen Auf der Bewertungsindikatoren Gefahren und bezuglich Wirtschaftlichkeit, Belastungen, Grundlage in technischen wird Aspekten die ausgewahlt. dieser Stufe Abschatzungsergebnisse multi-kriterielle Entscheidungsfindung jeder systematisch durchgefuhrt. Die Produktion Dissertation von Methylmethacrylat (MMA) Diese wird als Fallstudie wahrend der ganzen 17 verwendet. F allstudie, welche um potentielle Synthesewege zu und verschiedene Chemikalien aufweist, wird benutzt, werden das Rahmenkonzept demonstrieren. o Ausgehend von 17 Synthesewegen minderwertige Wege systematisch eliminiert, fur den dass in der letzten Stufe ein multi-kriteriellen optimiertes Flussdiagramm Syntheseweg mit der besten Leistung erhalten wird. Ein anderer Teil der Fallstudie validiert wahrend des Entwicklungswerdeganges Evaluationsprofile Synthesewege detaillierten Detail nur von gemachte Entscheidungen durch Beobachtung der sechs Synthesewegen uber verschiedene Stufen. Die meisten der 6 wurden in fruheren Stufen korrekt ausgewahlt, wie der Vergleich mit den im Abschatzungsergebnissen zeigt. verfugbar Mehrere Faktoren wurden identifiziert, die er in spateren Stufen sind und die grosse Veranderungen Ergebnisse verursachen. Solche Faktoren sind das Ausmass des Energieverbrauchs, Investitionskosten, in der Verlust von Wertstoffen, sowie finanzielle Auswirkungen und UGS-Einfluss von neu berucksichtigen eine bessere Substanzen. Diese Parameter sollten deshalb schon in fruheren Stufen fur als Einschatzung Proxyindikatoren verfugbar prasentiert um sein. Zwei wenn what-if Analysen unterschiedliche werden abzuschatzen wie sich die Ergebnisse andern Prozessoptionen oder Bewertungskriterien berucksichtigt werden. Eine d. h. in sowie der beiden der die Analysen rforscht in der detaillierten die konzeptionellen Entwicklungsstufe, von rigorosen Flowsheeting Stufe, Folgen der Wahl von Auswirkungen bestimmten Prozessoptionen verschiedenen Bewertungskriterien bezuglich quantitativ Wirtschaftlichkeit und Umweltbelastung. Typen von Die MMA Fallstudie lasst und den erkennen dass unter verschiedenen Prozessoptionen Synthesechemie fur verlassliche Bewertungskriterien grossen Einfluss in die Spezifizierung Dieses der Alternativen bestarkt die bezuglich Wichtigkeit Aspekte hat. Ergebniss um Indikatoren z. B. fruhen Entwicklungsstufen unbekannte verschiedene abzuschatzen, wie e taillierte Prozess-Auslegung fur Synthesewege. Als zweiter Teil der what-if Analyse prasentiert. wird die Einwirkung einfache der Methoden-Wahl auf die UGS Abschatzungsergebnisse Planungsphase Mehrere Methoden, die in der fruhen benutzt werden andern konnen, werden qualitativ und quantitativ verglichen. Die sich bedeutsam Abschatzungsergebnisse abhangig Die von der verwendeten UGS Bewertungs-Methode bezuglich stammt von aller UGS Aspekte. allgemeine Abweichung von im Resultat Unterschieden des und besonders berucksichtigten Bereiches, von Parametern, mathematischen Formulierungen der Art, wie Informationen ezuglich es Masse behandelt werden. Jede Methode hat Vorteil einer Methode an jedoch ihren eigenen Hintergund und gibt keinen eindeutigen gegenuber den anderen. Die entsprechende Einfachheit oder der Grad Genauigkeit einer Methode in Bezug auf die fruhe „Planungsphase†, ist die einzige charakteristische Grosse mit welcher die Methoden unterschieden werden konnen. Zum S chluss wird das entwickelte Rahmenkonzept mittels einer standartisierten Aktivitats Modellierungs Technik, IDEFO, prasentiert, Die die als ein Entwurf des Busienss Modells dient. die detaillierte Das Nutzung von IDEFO ermoglicht und

1984 Journal Entry - 2001 Words

Journal entry #1 The world in which Winston Smith lives in is very frightening. It is very unlikely that people from the world we live in would survive for long living in it. I think it is an awful time to be alive because you have no freedom at all. Winston is in the worst possible position, he is in the Outer Party. He is being monitored at all times and he can only cooperate. It seems that the proles and the Inner Party are much better off. I think that this is true because nobody cares about the proles and they can do what they want. The bad thing about them is that they are very poor and have no money. We don’t really know much about them. Maybe just like any other animal they have adapted to the bad conditions and somehow they are†¦show more content†¦I think George Orwell knew about this and used it to keep the events interesting. But this also lets us see Winston from a different perspective. I was really anticipating the moment when Winston would meet with O’Brien. I w as feeling positive towards O’Brien from the moment when him and Winston crossed eyes. He is one of those people who have a lot of power and could be of big help to Winston, if he actually is unorthodox. The author built up the suspense and made me impatient to see what would happen when they finally meet. And the moment of the meeting I gained a lot of hope for our main character. When O’Brien said that the Brotherhood was real I actually thought that the novel was building up to the part when there will be a civil war. I was expecting to see one happen with Goldstein as the leader. Many of the predictions that George Orwell made are actually coming true in our lives. Today we have cameras that capture the lives of citizens as they go about their business. Also computer records store data for everybody and this includes health records, work, families, shopping habits etc. The Internet gives information into the private lives of people and glimpses into their homes. à ¢â‚¬Å"1984† reminds me of a book series called â€Å"The Hunger Games†. The setting and story are very similar in many aspects, the difference being that â€Å"The Hunger Games† is aimedShow MoreRelated Requirements for Entry-Level Nursing Essay1087 Words   |  5 Pages(Tollick 2013; Spetz and Bates 2013). If entry-level nurses continue to practice without the BSN degree, then the deficit of highly educated nurses will be very detrimental to the nursing profession for years to come (Tollick, 2013). The nursing profession has been disrupted by nursing shortages throughout the 20th century. Indiana University was the first official school of nursing which had its intentions to institutionalize the baccalaureate degree as its entry to nursing in 1909 (Jacobs 1998). 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Review of Literature In their book â€Å"Religious Violence and Abortion†, Dallas Blanchard and Terry Prewitt describe the 1984 bombing of three abortion clinics in Pensacola, FL, which the perpetrators called â€Å"a birthday present for Jesus.† They continue on to write â€Å"as they stood before the bar, these ‘Christian bombers’ received a wealth of support from ‘pro-lifers’ fromRead MoreABA Journal : An Introduction To Capital Punishment805 Words   |  4 PagesPart I: ABA Journal or is a reliable journal for practicing lawyers who want to be updated on legal procedures and focused on substantive law. Unfortunately, ABA journal is not peer reviewed, but they have a full editorial staff that conducts research. Their publication office is located on 321 North Clark street, 20th floor Chicago Illinois, 60654 United States of America. Originally published in 1975 under the title American Bar Association and was later changed in 1984 as the ABA Journal. 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HealthSouth corporate office is in Birmingham, Alabama and HealthSouth operatesRead More1984 Ap Essay890 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen taught, but in the â€Å"negative utopia† of George Orwell’s novel 1984 these are the slogans of the Party and of Big Brother which governs Oceania (modern day England). This society suppresses all free thinking, free enterprise, and all other freedoms. George Orwell predicts that the world will come to this if someone does not stand up to the dominant society. This someone is Winston Smith, the thoughts and actions of Winston in 1984 place him against the Party, their views, and Big Brother. The

Utopia a Perfect Place - 1017 Words

Utopia :often Utopia An ideally perfect place, especially in its social, political, and moral aspects, and an impractical, idealistic scheme for social and political reform. Each person has their own vision of utopia, the above sentance is Oxfords Dictionarys definition of it. Utopia means an ideal state, a paradise, a land of enchantment. It has been a central part of the history of ideas in Western Civilization. Philosophers and writers continue to imagine and conceive plans for an ideal state even today. They use models of ideal government to express their ideas on contemporary issues and political conditions. Man has never of comparing the real and ideal, actuality and dream, and the stark facts of human condition and hypothetical†¦show more content†¦They have selected to voice their opinions in anti-utopian novels, or dystopia. A dystopia is simply the reverse of a utopia. For example, in Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451, the world in which Montag lives in is supposed to b e a utopia, which he believes at first, but in the end, realises that it was quite the opposite, a dystopia. A world where any form of literature is seen as the most disgusting thing in the world, where people have no emotion, no individuality, no real love. I would be repeating myself if I talked about Harrison Bergeron, where communism is taken to the extreme, to change the world to being exactly the same. A world where everyone is ugly, everyone is stupid, everyone is absolutely horrible at evrything, but thats the thing, how can someone be horrible at something, if you arent compared to some one better. Another great example is George Orwells Animal Farm, which is obviously a direct parallel to the Russian Revolution. A horse dreamt up a utopia, a world of equality, where all the animals lived in peace. Once again, in the end, the farm is in complete dystopia in the end. So why does utopia seem to always end in dystopia. Well its really quite simple. The reason that these attemp ts at utopia have failed is the same reason why they will all fail in the future. It is human nature to seek perfection and because of human limitations, we set ourselves up for failure. By trying to create a utopia, there will alwaysShow MoreRelatedUtopia is defined as a place of ideal perfection especially in laws, government, and social1000 Words   |  4 PagesUtopia is defined as a place of ideal perfection especially in laws, government, and social conditions, (merriam-webster.com). Utopia is a mindset that people are conditioned to believe is achievable, when in actuality it isn’t. In a utopian society when people believe that they have reached idealized perfection, there will still be things or people that make the society imperfect. â€Å"Every utopia faces the same problem: What do you do with the people who dont fit in?† (Margaret Atwood, a novelistRead MoreEssay about There is no Universal Utopia1608 Words   |  7 PagesThe idea of a utopia is one whi ch has spanned many millennia. The first example of a utopia was the Garden of Eden, and since then mankind has endeavored to reach this perfect existence, a world without problems, where everyone can abide in peace. Just the word ‘Utopia’ summons up a whole assemblage of images, images which differ from person to person. This is why the concept of a utopia has been so tossed around, because no one can truly say what a utopia is. From Platos republic in 380BC rightRead More Comparing Margaret Cavendish’s The Description of a New World, Called the Blazing World and Sir Tho1706 Words   |  7 PagesThe Description of a New World, Called the Blazing World and Sir Thomas More’s Utopia The so-called Utopia – the quasi-perfect society – flourishes in Margaret Cavendish’s â€Å"The Description of a New World, Called a Blazing World† and Sir Thomas More’s Utopia. While the former is a dreamlike account of fantasy rule and the latter a pseudo-realistic travelogue, both works paint a picture of worlds that are not so perfect after all. These imperfections glitter like false gemstones in the paths ofRead MoreSimilarities Between The Truman Show And Animal Farm1717 Words   |  7 PagesHow should power be balanced out amongst a society? What balance of power can result in a beautiful utopia? How can we all lead a good life without stripping others of their own? The answers to these questions must be known if we want to lead a good, functioning society today and the answers can be found in the book, Animal Farm, written by George Orwell and the movie, The Truman Show, directed by Peter Weir. Both fictional stories help us understand wh ere we need to set boundaries in our lives andRead MoreOryx And Crake And The Carhulke As A Dystopian Society1356 Words   |  6 PagesThe Carhullan Army exhibit components of the establishment of a utopia, within a dystopia. A dystopia is defined as â€Å"an imagined place or state in which everything is unpleasant or bad, typically a totalitarian or environmentally degraded one† (Oxford Dictionaries, 2017). Contrastingly, a utopia is defined as â€Å"an imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect† (Oxford Dictionaries, 2017). The extent to which a utopia is established in a dystopian society is evident in a multitudeRead MoreUtopia Vs Dystopian Society1473 Words   |  6 Pagessociety have failed and that means that not only have utopias been created but that dystopias have arrised. Each one is set and planned to be a utopia that only ends up taking another course and turning into a dystopian society. Utopia simply means â€Å"an ideal place o r state†, where as a dystopia is the opposite (â€Å"utopia†). Dystopias is â€Å"a society characterized by human misery, as squalor, oppression, disease, and overcrowding† (â€Å"dystopia†). Utopias usually end up becoming dystopias because everyoneRead More Utopian Dreams Essay1391 Words   |  6 Pages Throughout the ages, man has come to idealize a word that is most commonly related to ‘heavenly’ or ‘perfect’ without actually picking up the book and realizing for themselves that there is no such thing. A Utopian society could never exist because man is made to want, to desire success. Man is competitive by nature and would never be happy in a society where everyone is equal and there is no chance of advancement. Sir Thomas More dreamt of a land that was much like England but could neverRead MoreThe Beach By Alex Garland875 Words   |  4 Pagesfilmed in the 2000s. Both took place in Thailand. I researched and looked up the differences between the film and the book and surprisingly there were quite a lot of similarities and a lot of differences. One of the big differences is the utopia and dystopia of the story. Before I go with reference to relating the movie and film with these different societies. Let me first explain what utopia and dystopia is. F irst off, utopia is a society that is considered perfect, a perfect world, no problems what soRead MoreUtopia, by Thomas More: Your Wost Nightmare Essay1419 Words   |  6 PagesUtopia is a brilliant novel written by Thomas More. The idea of a utopia seems impossible, how can anyone live in a perfect place when perfection is in the eyes of the beholder? The Utopia in this novel is nothing more than abundant of already established ideas therefore it can’t not truly be a Utopia. The abolition of private property is one of Mores chief criticisms of Utopia; it seems to mimic the common understandings of communism, which Thomas More’s character Raphael has been accused of protectingRead MoreHumans Are Naturally Born Imperfect1680 Words   |  7 Pagessinners, and we must make our way to achieve the idea of a perfect human being, whether it take our whole life time, or not. Throughout our life it is within ourselves, to use our free will to make morally good choices in order for us to be considered as perfect. However, along with our free will to make morally good choices in our life, the laws set by our government, and standards expected of by our community help shape us into this perfect human being. Though by the laws, and standards with live