Danisha Narvaez. Eng101. Professor Biever. Essay 3. Word

Danisha Narvaez ENG101 Professor Biever Essay 3 Word Count: Getting your teeth professionally cleaned Lots of people know that dental cleanings are crucial for having clean teeth, but what many don’t know or realize it s that it is also crucial for having a healthy mind as well as a healthy body. For being such a frequently visited place, there are lots that people do not know about. Here I will present you with what you should know, the process of, and what to expect on your next dental cleaning visit. Lots of people see the mouth as something completely separate and different from the rest of their body. The reality is that everything is connected to each other. Having problems in your mouth can cause or indicate diseases in other†¦show more content†¦Not the type of physical exam you would usually get where the doctor draws blood in or checks your abdominal area. This type of physical exam mainly consists of checking your entire mouth. The hygienist uses a small mirror and a dental probe or explorer to check around your teeth and gums to make sure there is no sign of decay. They also check for signs of gingivitis (inflammation of the gums,) periodontal disease (disease of the gums,) and/or oral cancer. Prior to getting this done, the hygienist goes over your medical history, taking notes about any heart problems, diabetes, past surgeries, and medications, that may impact your oral health. After the hygienists do all of this, she/he may proceed to the second step. The second step is removing the plaque,tartar, and stains that have accumulated on your teeth. The first tool that hygienists usually uses to do this is an ultrasonic instrument. The ultrasonic instrument is a device that uses vibrations to remove the larger pieces of tartar. This instrument also sprays mists of water to wash away the leftover debris. Once the hygienist removes the larger pieces of tartar, they will switch to a hand instrument called scalers or curettes.Unlike the ultrasonic instruments, scalers are meant to eliminate the leftover smaller pieces of tartar and plaque.Each tooth is done individually to ensure that all bacteria, plaque, and tartar is sufficiently removed. Once the hygienist is finished with the past step and made sure the teeth

Present Political Scenario Free Essays

Indian Political Scenario India was declared a Sovereign free State in the year 1950, and, the patriots who had struggled for this event could, never have visulaised that, after fifty years of that great event, India would be in such a dilapidated political shape as it was, in the year 1998, till now. The year 1998 presented a spectacular change in the political scenario of the country by outsing the erstwhile century old single political party of the country, the Indian National Congress. This ouster is, on the one side an indication of the disgust people harbour for the party, and, on the other hand, it is indicative of the public’s estimation of the achievements of the party. We will write a custom essay sample on Present Political Scenario or any similar topic only for you Order Now The long spell of fifty years has brought this political party to such a low level of degradation, that, this reality could not be hidden from the electorate any further. This of course was a good symptom which showed that, the hitherto blind electorate had begun thinking and reflecting. This in turn meant that, the electorate had now come of age. However, the tragedy of this welcome turn of events was that, the electorate could not wisely turn out one single party to replace the Congress. This has led to an unprecedented and absolute mess in the political arena of the country. The Bhartiya Janta Party has come to power but, with clipped wings and tainted eyes. It came with so many partners in action that, there can never be a genuine consensus on anything or any point. Each party is, expects its own ‘pound of flesh’, and, in this effort, the very entity of the Government gets lost, and its functioning becomes problematic. No matter how much the B. J. P. may want to undo the evils of yesteryears but, it just can’t as, it has to wait for 18 nods (24 nods at preserved) and in this only, all matters get dissolved and lost. This, in turn brings out a blurred picture of the B. J. P. It is no wonder that strong steps just can not be taken in any sphere, when views differ, targets are varied, and commitments unclear. Thus the present scenario of the Government is rather chaotic and pathetic with everyone, the partners, and the opposition ogling with their ugly eyes at the working of the B. J. P. looking for flaws in their fabric. Everyone, yes everyone seems to be intent upon dislodging the Government, which has given the country a little bit of a change from the monotony of the fifty years of Congress. It is wonderful that people when they vouchsafe that, Coalition has come to stay, but it means that, a mess deal has come to stay. It is rue that there are many countries where Coalition Governments are a reality but, then, why not in India? To these protagonists of Coalition Governments it is said that, Coalitions can work only among people with an understanding for each other, people who are interested in letting the Government work, and above all, among people who are disciplined and educated. But all these qualities essentials for an efficient Coalition are lacking among our Indian politicians , then how can a Government of this kind ever be expected to deliver the goods to the public. It is thus, out of all practicality for India to have a successful Coalition Government through, but still it exist. The various scenes at the Parliament and the State Assemblies show how very immature and childish our politician still is. The politician is not interested in any work but is always found to be using all his energies in how to defame the working party, how to pull the carpet from under the feet of the ruling party, and I dare to say that, yes, all his energies and time are continuously being used in these nefarious activities. Besides this, specially the Congress who has of governance for so long just can not imagine and adjust to the idea of being on the other side of the fence, and is so, busy trying to malign the Government. So, the position as it stands in 1998, till now after the latest election is that, the Opposition is always opposing, and the now 24 partners are looking for advantages only. With this situation, what can the ruling party be expected to do except just try to justify its actions and try to maintain the chair. Thus, the scene is of no more than confusion and no one is getting the time to do what they are meant to be doing. How can we expect politicians worse that street urchins, to sit in harmony and deliver the goods. If we keep on experimenting with Coalitions, the day is not far to seek when, India will be a body without a head for, we will not allow any head to function, as, heads there are many but, all without the qualities of heads and hearts. To – day, each politician has his own axe to grind so, we will be living in a ‘Fool’s Paradise’ if we except the modern politician to do anything worthwhile for the public which has gifted them this office of service and respect. The best Government for India, will be, at the present juncture a very strict dictatorship, provided the dictator is a man of the three Cs – caliber, character and conduct. The present politicians all, yes all, lack these qualities, of the three Cs. Thus if we can be concluded that, a dictatorship is not a viable proposition for India and it is not destined to work, as, for one, the country is too large, an alternative would be a healthy Bi-Party system. It is said ‘Healthy’, because, at present, only to contradict whatever the Government does, or puts up to them, is the work of the Opposition. It seems that our politicians are taking the meaning of the word opposition in its verbal sense, and they seem to feel that they just have to oppose, and that is all. This is a fractured attitude towards the Government, and a good Opposition can be effective only if it is friendly with the Government, and only brings to light what the Government might have missed. Discussions must be friendly, positive and result oriented rather than just destructive or negative. Only with such a healthy Opposition can there be a meaningful rapport between the Government and the Opposition. If this can be considered by the people who matter then, perhapse India may have a chance of getting out of the woods. The political scenario to-day is thus one of utter disgust and chaos bad behaviour with a blend of corruption is the summary of the present scene. With a singular motto displacing the Government, all the parties are working, and, if this continues for any more length of time, the law makers will have no face to make laws – as, they are the best and the maximum number of law breakers. As far as I can see, the 1998, till now political scenario is very dismal, and in its womb is hidden the ultimate collapse of the fabric of independent India. If the freedom fighters of the yesteryears were to see this unhappy scene, they would turn in their graves and wonder why they did so much for such an underserving people. In the last if one say Govt exists, it exists at least in India as the hung Government (of many nods) still continueing. How to cite Present Political Scenario, Papers

Marker Secularisation free essay sample

Druthers believes, when clan members worship their totemic minimal, they are in reality worshipping society, even though they themselves are not aware of this fact. The Collective Conscience In Deuteriums view, the sacred symbols represent society collective conscience The collective conscience is the shared norms, values, beliefs and knowledge that make social life and cooperation between individuals possible. Regular shared religious rituals reinforce the collective conscience and maintain social integration. Participating in rituals binds individuals together, reminding them they are part of a community. Cognitive Functions of ReligionDruthers sees religion not only as the source of social solidarity, but also of our intellectual or cognitive capacities- our ability to reason and think conceptually. In Deuteriums view, religion is the origin of the concepts and categories we need for reasoning, understanding the world and communicating Druthers and Amass argue that religion provides basic categories such as time, space and causation- for example, with ideas about a creator bringing the world into being at the beginning of time. We will write a custom essay sample on Marker Secularisation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page CRITICISMS Wordlessly notes that there is no sharp division between the sacred and the refine, and that different clans share the same totems.Deuteriums theory may apply better to small scale societies with a single religion. It is harder to apply it to large scale societies , where two or more religious communities may be in conflict. His theory may explain social integration within communities but not conflicts between them. Postmodernists such as Mesenteric argue that Deuteriums ideas cannot be applied to contemporary socio ¶y, because increasing diversity has fragmented the collective conscience, so there is no longer a single shared value system for religion to reinforce.Psychological Functions Mammalians agrees with Druthers that religion promotes solidarity. However, in his view, it does so by performing psychological functions for individuals. Mammalians identifies two types of situations in which religion performs this role: 1 . Where the outcome is important but is uncontrollable and thus uncertain. Mammalians contrasts fishing in the lagoon and fishing in the ocean: Lagoon fishing is safe and uses the predictable and successful method of poisoning.When the islanders fish there is no ritual Ocean fishing is dangerous and uncertain, always accompanied by canoe magic- rituals to ensure a safe and successful trip. 2. At times of life crisis Events such as birth, puberty, marriage and especially death, mark major and disruptive changes in social groups. For example, the funeral rituals reinforce a feeling of solidarity among the survivors, while the notion of immortality gives comfort to the bereaved by denying the fact of death. Mammalians argues that death is the main reason for the existence of religious belief.Parsons: Values and Meaning Parsons identifies two other essential functions of religion in modern society: It creates and legitimates society basic norms and values by scrawling hem. This promotes value consensus and social stability It provides a source of meaning, answering the ultimate questions about life, e. G. Why good people suffer. These may undermine our commitment to societys values. By answering such questions, religion helps people to adjust to adverse events and maintains stability.CIVIL RELIGION Bella argues that religion unifies society, especially a multi faith society like America. What unifies American society us an overarching civil religion- a belief system that attaches sacred qualities to society itself. Civil religion is a that in the American way of life Civil religion integrates society in a way that individual religions cannot. American civil religion involves loyalty to the nation State and belief in God, both Of which are equated with being true American.It is expressed in various rituals, symbols and beliefs, e. G. The pledge of allegiance to the flag. It sacrifices the American way of life and binds together Americans from many different ethnic and religious backgrounds EVALUATION OF FUNCTIONALISM Functionalism emphasizes the social nature of religion and the positive functions it performs, but it neglects negative aspects such as religion as a resource of oppression. It ignores religion as a source of division and conflict, especially in complex modern societies where there is more than one religion.

Question Drama reflects real life on stage Essays - Fiction, Film

Question: Drama reflects real life on stage Text: The Twelve Angry Men Drama has been used to reflect real life experiences and issues on stage. This is exemplified in Reginald Rose's play "Twelve Angry Men" which depicts the different types of prejudice within the American subconscious symbolized through 12 jurors who must make a judgment on a boy accused of murder. The anonymity of characters in the play generalises the American population, based on the Juror's personality, dramatically reflecting the common mentalities of Americans during the 1950's. Rose cleverly uses Juror 8 to persuade the rest of the Jury that the boy is not guilty beyond reasonable doubt, whilst simultaneously convincing the audience as well. Rose's diligently concocted characterizations of jurors allows us to understand the significance of the drama, which accurately reflects real life on stage. The dramatization of prejudice in the play "Twelve Angry Men", is demonstrated as interference in the course of justice. This is highlighted in the introduction where all jurors enter the jury room with preconceived notions, ready to convict the defendant due to his social status rather than evaluating the evidence presented itself. The 4th Juror's stereotypical statement, "slums are breeding grounds for criminals," may be statistically justified, however, this is not actual proof that the suspect is guilty, demonstrating the capability for prejudice to cloud judgement. Rose also portrays personal prejudice as impacting on an individual's judgements, which is exemplified through Juror 3's personal bias towards his own son who left him. This transforms into a generalised prejudice against the younger population, thus creating tension. The 8th Juror's statement, "prejudice obscures the truth," suggests that that he is aware of the impact of prejudice on logic, and hence a fair verdict to bring justice. This problem is used to dramatically reflect the issue prejudice, distrust and depression within the American population during the Cold War. The unusual anonymity of the characters dramatically allows the audience to judge characters for who they really are and reflect their personality to real life people. Rose removes any detailed plot descriptions, names or specifics in the play. Jurors are simply referred to as a number, the defendant as the accused' and even the witness as the old man', illustrating that the function of the jury is more important than the details of their identity. This anonymity of characters allows Rose to break them up into less specific individuals that symbolises a cross section of the American population, as each Juror has a different perspective and looks at the evidence from different angles. As the play develops, we are immediately able to make some conclusions on characters based on the information provided. The anonymity of the play hence dramatically reflects American society, and due to no specifics of characters we are forced to make similar substitutions based on personal experien ce. During the play we are given many different perspectives of the case, which are given to seed doubt within the audience's mind. However, these perspectives can also be obscured by personal matters that are irrelevant to the case, as the jury are not trained in legal judgement. This is exemplified in the statement by Juror 7, "This better be fast, I got tickets to a ball game tonight," which highlights his open lack of interest in the verdict of the jury. In contrast to this, Juror 8 fully focuses on the case and throughout the course of the play, aptly examines, questions and manipulates evidence and other opinions. The discomfort of the situation at the beginning of the play is illustrated through the pathetic fallacy of the hot and sticky atmosphere, but this also portrays the depressing atmosphere surround the time in the 1950's. However, this weather soon changes into a storm, reflecting the tension and conflicting moods within the jury room. Juror 8 finally succeeds in pe rsuading the rest of the jury, thus successfully changing the audience's mind as well. The play concludes with the defeat of prejudice and irrationality through justice, however the accuracy of the final verdict is not demonstrated by Rose. This doubt at the conclusion of the play plagues the psychologies of the audience due to the ambivalence of whether they were right' in

How Television Affects The Family essays

How Television Affects The Family essays Opinion Essay: How Television Affects The Family The year was 1923, and Philo Farnsworth had an invention, and he called it The Television.(Farnsworth Cronicles) He had no idea how it would change the world. Since its arrival it has had a lasting impact on family life, throughout the world. When it first arrived, you couldnt find a family without one. Everyone was glued to their T.V. sets. Little has changed since its invention 81 years ago. Televisions became more modern and people couldnt pry themselves away from the tube. Soon enough this was affecting just how a family acted with each other. Parents were seeing less and less of their children and children were becoming couch-potatoes. The television has changed the way families were and are. When television was invented, it was not intended to be a replacement. Family is the most important influence in a child's life, but television is not far behind. When parents began to use the television as a baby-sitter or a teacher for their children is when they began to lose touch with their children. As the children grew up watching television and not interacting with their parents, they grew less and less apart. Children in the United States watch about 4 hours of TV every day. Watching movies on tape and playing video games only adds to time spent in front of the TV screen. It may be tempting to use television, movies, and video games to keep your child busy, but your child needs to spend as much time growing and learning as possible. Playing, reading, and spending time with friends and family are much healthier than sitting in front of a TV screen. (AAP) This is the truth. How can your child develop or how will you help them develop if you let them live their young life in front of a television? In the film, the Cable Guy, the mother of Jim Carreys character in the mo ...

The Horse Problem Math Challenge

The Horse Problem Math Challenge The highly prized skills that employers look for today are problem-solving, reasoning and decision making, and logical approaches to challenges. Fortunately, mathematics challenges are the perfect way to hone your skills in these areas, especially when you challenge yourself to a new Problem of the Week each week like this classic listed below, The Horse Problem. Though they may seem simple at first, problems of the week from such sites as MathCounts and Math Forum  challenge mathematicians to deductively reason the best approach to solving these word problems correctly, but oftentimes, phrasing is meant to trip up the challenge-taker, but careful reasoning and a good process for solving the equation will help ensure you answer questions like these correctly. Teachers should guide students toward a solution to problems like The Horse Problem by encouraging them to devise methods for solving the puzzle, which might include drawing graphs or charts or using a variety of formulas to determine missing number values. The Horse Problem: A Sequential Math Challenge The following math challenge is a classic example of one of these problems of the week. In this case, the question poses a sequential math challenge in which the mathematician is expected to calculate the final net result of a series of transactions. The situation: A man buys a horse for 50 dollars. Decides he wants to sell his horse later and gets 60 dollars. He then decides to buy it back again and paid 70 dollars. However, he could no longer keep it and he sold it for 80 dollars.The questions: Did he make money, lose money, or break-even? Why?The answer:  The man ultimately saw a net profit of 20 dollars; whether you use a number line or a debit and credit approach, the answer should always amount to the same. Guiding Students to the Solution When presenting problems like this one to students or individuals, let them devise a plan for solving it, because some students will need to act out the problem while others will need to draw charts or graphs; additionally, thinking skills are needed for a lifetime, and by letting students devise their own plans and strategies in problem-solving, teachers are allowing them to improve these critical skills. Good problems like The Horse Problem are tasks that allow students to devise their own methods to solve them. They should not be presented with the strategy to solve them nor should they be told that there is a specific strategy to solve the problem, however, students should be required to explain their reasoning and logic once they believe they have solved the problem. Teachers should want their students to stretch their thinking and move toward understanding as math should be problematic as its nature suggests. After all, the single most important principle for improving the teaching of math is to allow math to be pragmatic for students.

NKT cells Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

NKT cells - Research Paper Example Immunologists have been striving to unearth the connection between NKT cells and the inflammatory characteristics of asthma, in a bid to design new intervention strategies. This paper will review the biology of Natural Killer T cells and the prevention strategies of asthma and allergic diseases. Biology of NKT Cells Natural Killer T cells form a subset of lymphocytes as scientists have described. Depending on the T-cell receptor repertoires, NKT cells fall into three categories. The first type of NKT cells is the classical NKT cells that exhibit conserved T-cell receptors (Akbariet al 2006). Immunologists have been described type 1 NKT cells in mice and humans, with those in humans named invariant NKT cells. Type 2 is also available in both mice and humans but have a diverse range of T-cell receptors. However, type 2 faces a restriction from CD1d. The third type forms the independent category of NKT cells characterized as expressing either Ly49 or NK1.1 (CD161 in humans). Moreover, i t proved quite difficult to isolate this type of NKT cells. Immunologists have succeeded in isolating type 1 and associating it with the development of asthma. NKT cells present numerous similarities to Th2 Cells, which trigger the processes that cause the development of asthma. ... However, the two types of cells exhibit different activation processes (Wohlleben&Erb, 2006). Processes Leading to the Development of Asthma and related Atopic Diseases Experts seeking to understand the immunologic processes that lead to the development of asthma, have described the process in detail. Asthma results from the Th2 responses taking place in the lungs. The production of Th2 responses result from the action of allergen specific CD4+. The basis of asthma development is that there must be activation of transcription factors from the downstream factors resulting to the production of Th2 effector cells. The effect of these processes is the production of cytokines such as interleukins IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13. Moreover, these processes trigger the recruitment of eosinophils and allergen specific immunoglobulin E by beta cells (Mallevaey et al, 2006). Granulation of eosinophils and mast cells occurs with as they indulge in a cross-linking with immunoglobulin E (igE). This ca uses the production of mucous and airway hyper-reactivity and a chronic inflammation of the airway. These are the central attributes of asthma.Processes that trigger Th2 responses often lead to airway hyper-reactivity and inflammation. Immunologists have highlighted that Th1 responses do not trigger this hyper-reactivity and inflammation defining asthma and other atopic diseases. There is evidence suggesting that children contacting bacterial infections that trigger Th1 responses in their earlier years have a less likelihood of developing asthma. NKT Cells and Asthma There is evidence that NKT cells have the potential to trigger Th2 responses that often lead to development of asthma and other atopic diseases. This is because of their ability to recognize glycolipid

Investment decision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Investment decision - Essay Example Due to high dependency on equity in the capital structure, total cost of capital went quite high (19.63 percent). The required return on asset is 18 percent which is less then cost of capital, so the company’s new project does not seems profitable until and unless the prevailing capital structure is modified. As per the market scenario in Kuwait, deferent debt instruments where determined to find out which one will be more suitable for the company. It is recommended that company should introduce more debt to reduce the cost of capital. As the market conditions are improving, the operating risk will go down and by enhancing financial leverage management will be able to boost profitability of the company. The company, Kuwait Cement was established in the year 1968 by Amiri Decree. In 1978 the first phase of cement plant was inaugurated by Sheikh Jaber Al Ahmad Al Sabah which had the production capacity of 1,350,000 tons per annum. The company started production of white cement in the year 1979 and the capacity was to produce 75,000 tons of white cement per year. With passage of time the company’s capacity to produce cement went on increasing and it reached 2,070,000 tons per annum by end 1984. Kuwait cement entered in contract with M/s. PEG – Switzerland for providing consulting services to the project of clinker kiln whose production capacity was 1.8 million. The other services which the company was to provide were management of equipment at Shuaiba port, storage of fuel and conveyor belt management. At different point of time the company formed contracts with many international firms to enhancing the production capacity and to introducing better and advanced technolog y. With the growing demand of white cement in the market, Kuwait Cement went on increasing the white cement production and by the year 1999 the production capacity reached to 170,000 tons as compared to 75,000 tons

Catholic Church Essay Example for Free

Catholic Church Essay Dorothy Day was a journalist, social activist, and a devout Catholic and preacher of the Catholic way of life. In her later years, she also became a preacher of the nonviolent way of living. She started a newspaper, the Catholic Worker to teach the Catholic way of life to people. She led a movement of noncooperation and civil disobedience to teach pacifism to the people. In this essay, I am going to discuss the life and work of Dorothy Day. Dorothy Day was an American journalist and social activist, who was also a staunch Catholic and a devotee of Catholic way of life. She was born on November 8, 1897 in Brooklyn, New York. Day started her career as a reporter in a newspaper. In November 1917, Day went to prison for protesting for women’s suffrage. She had a common-law marriage in 1924 from which she had a daughter in 1997. Her marriage ended by this time. By this time, Day had a strong unshakeable belief in God and the Catholic Church. On December 28, 1927 she joined the Catholic Church. She tried to bring together her religious beliefs and her radical thinking. In December 1932, she met Peter Maurin who was a devout Catholic with whom she had a common-law marriage. He envisioned a future in which society would be based on the social values of the Gospel. They decided to start a newspaper that would promote Catholic ideals and transform the society to adopt these ideals. They started the paper, the Catholic Worker, on May 1, 1933. The paper met with instant success. The paper’s circulation increased to 100,000 copies by December. In the paper, Maurin called for a renewal in the Christian practices of hospitality to strangers. Day and Maurin began providing shelter to homeless people in several houses. By 1936, the Catholic Worker had assumed the proportions of a national movement. They set up several farming communes (Forest). Day was also a staunch advocate of pacifism. Throughout the Second World War, Day preached pacifism and nonviolence. She maintained her stand during the Civil War in Spain, World War II, and the Vietnam war. Her supporters refused to cooperate in the war against Vietnam or to be conscripted. When the hydrogen bomb was being tested and there were civil defense drills, she refused to cooperate with the drills and was jailed several times. Day was honored for her achievements by the Church. She died in 1980. The Vatican has approved a process, which may canonize Dorothy Day as a saint of the Roman Catholic Church (Forest). References Forest, Jim. A Biography of Dorothy Day. Catholic Worker Home Page. Retrieved October 20, 2008 from http://www. catholicworker. com/ddaybio. htm

The Free Will in Meditations on First Philosophy by Descartes Essay

The Free Will in Meditations on First Philosophy by Descartes I In Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes takes the reader through a methodological exercise in philosophical enquiry. After stripping the intellect of all doubtful and false beliefs, he re-examines the nature and structure of being in an attempt to secure a universally valid epistemology free from skepticism. Hoping for the successful reconciliation of science and theology, Descartes works to reconstruct a new foundation of absolute and certain truth to act as a catalyst for future scientific research by â€Å"showing that a mathematical [rational-objective] physics of the world is attainable by creatures with our intellectual capacities and faculties† (Shand 1994, p. 84). Descartes’ conception of absolute and limitless â€Å"freedom,† which he ascribed to humanity, is every bit as unique and radical as the existential notion of freedom present to the philosophy of Jean-Paul Sartre. However, the claim of boundless freedom within the writings of Descartes seems even more remarkable in light of the fact that he proposed the philosophical method within the theological strictures of Catholicism. With Cartesian study primarily focused on the significance of human consciousness and the sum res cogitans, rarely does one find exclusive attention devoted to the paramount importance of the free will in Descartes’ overall project. This essay investigates the theory of the free will as expressed in the Fourth Meditation and analyzes Descartes’ contention that we are â€Å"infinitely† free and ultimately responsible for the choices we make. In arguing that the use of the free will is essential in determining the veracity of all ideas one comes upon, clear and distinct or othe... ...ilosophy is somewhat problematic and often referred to as the Cartesian Circle. â€Å"We cannot, without certainty,† declares John Shand, â€Å"prove God’s existence by means of propositions and arguments whose truth and validity depend upon assuming God’s existence† (Shand :1994, p 87). 4 Although Descartes states explicitly in the Synopsis of the Six Meditations that he is not concerned with judging things which pertain to faith or the conduct of life, and is instead focused exclusively on errors that occur when judging the true and the false; he is nonetheless doing theodicy. Descartes is asking in essence: â€Å"How could God, who is in possession of all perfection, including omni-benevolence, allow humans to fall into error (do evil) so readily?† Descartes’ reply: â€Å"Error (evil) has nothing to do with God and everything to do with us.†

Education Essay

Step 1. Create a short answer (150-250 words) to each of the following questions. 1. How do social interactions among people in locales help define community?  2. How do schools help to shape the local boundaries of communities and the identity of community members?  3. Although schools and the communities they serve are closely entwined and community development is in the best interests of schools, why may school leaders be hesitant about involving schools and students in important community development roles? 4. Of all social institutions, why might schools be best placed to catalyze community development?  5. What are some likely results of school consolidation in a rural community or urban neighborhood?  6. Beyond the socially integrative functions, what distinct local economic roles might a school have in a rural community or urban neighborhood?  7. What characteristics of a well-planned school-community partnership project would indicate it is mutually beneficial?  8. How might a community or neighborhood development activity reinforce what is ta ught in the public school classroom?  9. What barriers might a community development organization expect to experience when seeking to partner with a public school or school district?  10. How can service learning and place-based education serve to facilitate a  viable schoolcommunity partnership and accomplishment of local community or neighborhood development needs? Step 2. Discuss your responses with a group of 4 or 5 classmates. SOAR ACTIVITY 15.1 SCHOOL-COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIPS Step 1. Contact your local elementary, middle and high schools. Step 2. Interview the principals about their partnerships with community organizations. Step 3. Have them describe each activity and assess the benefits to the school and community. Step 4. Compile a list of all the organizations and institutions involved with school programs. Step 5. As part of this project, prepare a list of recommendations for improving schoolcommunity partnerships in your area. LIFE Activity 15.1 Here are some examples of school-based service learning projects: 1. Drop-out prevention: A service-learning project focused on drop-out prevention might coordinate schools with local businesses to partner at-risk students with job shadowing and mentoring opportunities with local business leaders/members. These connections will help build bridges between schoolwork and work â€Å"in the real world,† and develop stronger ties between schools and local business, better meeting the needs of each while providing important opportunities to at-risk youth. 2. Subject-specific service-learning: Science and reading provide two examples of subjectspecific service-learning. Connecting college students majoring in science with schools to tutor K-12 students can create opportunities for hands-on learning during or after school hours. This might involve engaging in environmental projects, such as local water quality testing, cleaning of local stream or river beds, or wildlife conservation efforts. Similarly, college students majoring in language arts or reading might provide tutoring services during or after school for at-risk students, assist in running family literacy programs after school to engage parents in literacy efforts, and/or read to students at the elementary level. 2. Building school-community connections: Students plan a school-community day, in which school staff, community members, and students organize, run, and attend a school-community fair. The school can set up exhibits of student learning and projects students are engaged in that connect to the community. Community leaders can set up exhibits featuring ways they have been or would like to be involved with the school and with students. Local businesses might provide food and donate prizes or items for auction. Students at the school can perform music or showcase artwork. This would also be a good venue for team-building exercises between  community organizations and businesses and school staff and leaders, culminating in competitions with awards. These are only a few examples. We want to emphasize though that effective service learning projects are not â€Å"paint by the numbers† efforts, but are directly shaped by and responsive to the individual needs of local communities. That said, examples are useful, but ultimately your best guide is the community that lies before you. REFERENCE MATERIAL ON EDUCATION AND COMMUNITY SERVICELEARNING Syllabi: Literacy Tutoring: Principles and Practice (Syracuse University) http://www.compact.org/syllabi/syllabus.php?viewsyllabus=407 Service Learning in Higher Education (Vanderbilt University) http://www.compact.org/syllabi/syllabus.php?viewsyllabus=663 APPENDIX: Additional Resources to Learn about School-Community Partnerships for Community Development:  NOTE that the following descriptions have been taken directly from organization websites and have been only slightly modified, if at all. Associations, Organizations and Centers Center for Place-Based Education http://www.anei.org/pages/89_cpbe.cfm The Center for Place-based Education promotes community-based education programs. Its projects and programs encourage partnerships between students, teachers, and community members that strengthen and support student achievement, community vitality and a healthy environment. Coalition for Community Schools http://www.communityschools.org The Coalition for Community Schools represents an alliance of national, state and local organizations concerned with K-16 education, youth development, community planning, family support, health and human services, government and philanthropy, as well as national, state and local community school networks. The Coalition advocates for community schools as a means to strengthen schools, families and communities and improve student learning. Rural School and Community Trust http://www.ruraledu.org The Rural School and Community Trust is a national nonprofit organization addressing the crucial relationship between good schools and thriving communities. It also serves as an information clearinghouse on issues concerning the relationship between schools and communities, especially in rural contexts. School of the 21st Century. Linking Communities, Families and Schools http://www.yale.edu/21c/index2.html Based at Yale University, the 21C program develops, researches, networks, and supervises an educational model that links communities, families, and schools by transforming the school into a year-round, multi-service center that is open from 6 in the morning until 7 at night. The core components are affordable, high-quality child care for preschool children, before- and afterschool programs for school-age children; and health services, referral services, support, and guidance for parents of young children. Schools and Communities http://www.enterprisecommunity.org/programs/schools_and_communities/ This webpage of Enterprise Community Partners documents and disseminates the nation’s current efforts to combine school reform and community development. Web-based Documents and Material Local Governments and Schools: A Community-Oriented Approach http://icma.org/documents/SGNReport.pdf (International City/County Management Association, Washington, DC , 2008) Provides local government managers with an understanding of the connections between school facility planning and local government management issues, with particular attention to avoiding the creation of large schools remotely sited from the community they serve. It offers multiple strategies for local governments and schools to bring their respective planning efforts together to take a more community-oriented approach to schools and reach multiple community goals-educational, environmental, economic, social, and fiscal. Eight case studies illustrate how communities across the U.S. have already succeeded in collaborating to create more communityoriented schools. Includes 95 references and an extensive list of additional online resources. 40p. Report NO: E-43527 Reconnecting Schools and Neighborhoods: An Introduction to School-Centered Community Revitalization http://www.practitionerresources.org/cache/documents/647/64701.pdf (Enterprise, Columbia, MD , 2007) Provides an introduction to school-centered community revitalization. Part 1 presents the case for integrating school improvement into community development, drawing on the academic research linking school and neighborhood quality as well as early results from school- centered community revitalization projects across the country. Part 2 presents the core components of school-centered community revitalization, including both school-based activities and neighborhood-based activities. The final part of the paper illustrates the diverse approaches currently being taken to improve schools and neighborhoods, drawing on the experiences of eight  school-centered community revitalization initiatives in five cities: Atlanta, Baltimore, Chicago, Philadelphia, and St. Paul. 30p. New Relationships With Schools. Organizations That Build Community by Connecting With Schools. Volumes One and Two  http://www.publicengagement.com/practices/publications/newrelationshipssmry.htm (Collaborative Communications Group for the Kettering Foundation, Nov 2004) Case studies of organizations that establish strong connections between communities and schools using many different entry points. Includes a profile of New School Better Neighborhoods, a nonprofit intermediary organization in Los Angeles that works to design schools that serve as centers of communities. The organization brings together community stakeholders to plan multiuse development that combines residential, recreational, and educational use of scarce land in densely populated urban areas. Schools, Community, and Development. Erasing the Boundaries http://www.practitionerresources.org/cache/documents/56274.pdf Proscio, Tony (The Enterprise Foundation, Columbia, MD, 2004) This describes the results of efforts in four neighborhoods in Baltimore, St. Louis, and Atlanta to connect community-based revitalization initiatives with school reform programs in the same neighborhoods. Chapters include: 1) Building and Learning Go Seperate Ways; 2) The SchoolCommunity Alliance in Practice; 3) The Developer as Educator; 4) Housing and Economic Development. 39p. Using Public Schools as Community-Development Tools: Strategies for Community-Based Developers http://www.jchs.harvard.edu/publications/communitydevelopment/W02-9_Chung.pdf Chung, Connie (Harvard University, Joint Center for Housing Studies, Cambridge, MA; Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation. , 2002) This paper explores the use of public schools as tools for community and  economic development. As major place-based infrastructure and an integral part of the community fabric, public schools can have a profound impact on the social, economic, and physical character of a neighborhood. Addressing public schools, therefore, is a good point of entry for community-based developers to place their work in a comprehensive community-development context. The paper examines ways in which community-based developers can learn from, as well as contribute to, current community-based efforts, particularly in disinvested urban areas, to reinforce the link between public schools and neighborhoods. Furthermore, the paper considers the policy implications of including public schools in comprehensive development strategies, and asserts that reinforcing the link between public schools and neighborhoods is not only good education policy, but also good community-development policy and practice. An appendix presents contact information for organizations participating in school and community linkages. 55p.

Cross-Cultural Determinants of Employee Motivation in Starbucks Company

Introduction Starbucks has served as a milestone in the coffee industry and is a massive organization in terms of people employed and stores owned. At the current time it has revenue of $10.7 billion and owns 16,850 shops in 40 countries. Starbucks is clearly the world’s top coffee retailer, it employs 137,000 employees or â€Å"partners† as it likes to call them. Howard Schultz, the CEO of Starbucks, considers that ‘the tip of success in Starbucks is not coffee but employees’. He constantly builds upon the working experience of employees, providing chances of promotion, and treating workers as working partners is their way to operate sustainability. He firmly believes that the spirit of Starbucks is employees and feels honored about the value of Starbucks employees. Many theorists believe that â€Å"it is necessary to have a perfect education and training policy for better performance in a company† (Michelli, 2006). Despite serving in many countries, Starbucks h as a similar organizational structure; as a result, it does not take into account the cross cultural determinants. It has been criticized for its approach; also because, employees of some countries like UK are not as satisfied as employees from Poland and Germany, thus Starbucks must make use of cross-cultural determinants in order to improve its management methords. One of the most proficient theory, the Hofstede theory states that the motivational factors of every country are different and thus must be looked into before a company, such as Starbucks sets its motivational methods. Along with Hoftsede it talks about Management and Motivation in reference to the Grid/Group Theory by Douglas, which strives to classify different cultures in relation to being hierarchist, individualist, egalitarian and fatalist. It also talks about the ‘Cultural Theory’ and ‘Organizational Theory’ in relation to Starbucks. This research attempts to access these theories in ref erence to Starbucks, and its motivational methods across nations. It looks at a comparison between the way Starbucks company treats or must treat its employees across UK, Poland and Germany. Brief Overview The Starbucks Company is a vast and well constructed multi-national, which serves in 40 countries. It has to keep in mind various cross-cultural determinant while bringing in its motivational schemes. However, it has been criticized for not taking into account, cross-cultural determinants when building its management cultural across countries. It is often assessed, that the employees of countries like UK, seem to be less motivated than employees from Poland and Germany. This paper talks about all possible schemes in relation to motivational theories, that can be adopted by Starbucks,chiefly the Hofstede theory. The factors of this theory are highly relevant and can be implemented in various ways to improve performance. The first factor, Power distance can be defined as â€Å"the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally† (Hofstede 1991, p. 28). UK and Germany, are ranked as a low power distance society, where the relationship between bosses and subordinated is of interdependence, treating each worker equally and calling them ‘partners’. There, the managers of Starbucks are likely to place a greater importance on labors’ rights as compared to managers in Poland, which ranks as a high power distance country. However, in Poland there is a hierarchical social system, thus, it is said that their ‘ideal boss is a benevolent autocrat’. Another factor of the Hofstede theory is Masculinity, the dominant values in society being material success versus femininity, caring for others and the quality of life. UK, Poland and Germany, are Masculine societies, driven by competition, achievement and financial success. In these countries, people’s performance is highly valued and people ‘live in order to work’. Starbucks too, beliefs in monetary based appraisals, it spends $300 million, on their employees’ welfare, much more than ‘they do on coffee beans’. Starbucks even gave its UK staff shares worth around ?4 million in their employee share scheme ‘Bean Stock’, followed by a Christmas cash bonus to staff worth ?1.5 million. Uncertainty Avoidance, is another of Hofstede’s theories, it classifies countries into being high in Uncertainty Avoidance; having strict rules and resistance to changes like Germany and Poland and low in Uncertainty Avoidance; having fewer rules and being welcome to changes like UK. This is an important factor to look into a country when bringing in new innovations, and the planning of how the change has to be implemented. Managers of UK can bring in new ideas easily and with more enthusiasm while managers in Germany and Poland have to bring in changes subtely because people resist from breaking orthodox norms uneasy. Starbucks went through many changes when it merged with Giornale, it was welcoming to his employees’ involvement and included them in every change, by 1987, and employees at Starbucks had begun buying into the changes. The theory includes a comparison between countries which have more, individualism everyone is expected to look after themselves and their immediate family against collectivism, and cultures in which people are bound into strong and cohesive groups. UK, Germany and Poland, are individualistic societies, where the route to happiness is through individual accomplishment. Here the company, in order to motivate its employees has to come up with schemes to provide them and their families’ advantages. The culture in Starbucks is of mutual advantage, thus workers usually do a fruitful job but all these factors must be kept in mind. Understanding all the cross-cultural determinants including these is crucial for a company which serves such a wide range of cultures; their observation along with development on these lines, must all be looked into, in order to bring out the best results. Another theory is the Cultural Theory’ which talks about the importance of culture, stating that is is too ‘important to be left undefined and unrefined, and analysts need a deeper awareness of the anthropological and sociological frameworks’ when refining their management attitudes. It outlines the effect on culture in relation to common objectives, employee motivation and loyalty. Setting of roles, leadership, innovation, setting incentives, tolerance and accountability. The setting of the corporate cultural is extremely subjective of the countries cultural as a whole. The Grid/Group theory is another theory based on cultural determinants, created by Mary Douglas, in 1996. It strives to study cultural relativism, which can be increased through a classification system taking into account ‘moral system, worldviews and ideologies’. This classification is built into two axes, based on individualism versus collectivism, including isolate/fatalist, hierarchist, individualist and sectarian groups. Each type is based on different classifications, power paradigms, moral values and individuality. In this paper, it is used to analyze, the classification of different cultures, such as UK, Germany and Poland into these categories, observing where their general workers fall, taking into account their employee, culture, market and forms of hierarchy. The paper also talks about Organizational Culture Theory which is based on performance, ‘organization effectiveness, employee commitment, employee satisfaction, culture type, culture strength and culture congruence’. This theory is talked about in relation to Poland, Germany and UK; assessing them based on all these assesses their management and motivational factors. Even though Starbucks operates in different countries, its organization culture is often the same. This can be a harmful strategy, as due to differing cultural determinants, the company must change its strategies relatively. If this is not done, the motivation of employees can be lowered and the management can fail to do its job. Thus, this paper talks about all these theories and the possibilities that they provide to Starbucks, in modifying its strategies based on varying cross-cultural determinants. Objective This paper is set to analyze and evaluate the cross cultural determinants of Poland, UK and Germany, in order to find out the best ways to motivate the employees of those countries. It attempts to Find out the cross cultural determinants of these societies and the way the employees of these countries are treated. Methodology The Prime methodology used will be questionnaires that will be filled out by Starbucks employees across these countries. The questionnaire will be based on the Organizational Energy Questionnaire from ‘fully charged’ written by Heike Bruch, which is an instrument to measure a company’s energy state. The questions will include if the employees like what they do, do not have much drive feel relaxed in their job, feel angry in their job, feel enthusiastic in their jobs, have no desire to make something happen, speculate about the real intentions of management, have real care about company’s fate, are efficient in conducting work, behave in destructive manner, go out of their way to make company succeed and if they feel discouraged in their jobs. All these questions will convey about the general state of employees and their will be a separate questionnaire to observe the importance of cross-cultural determinants. References Heike Bruch and Bernd Vogel (2011). Fully Charged. United States of America: Harvard Business School Publishing. HOFSTEDE THEORY- Poland, (2011) [online]. [Accessed 2012]. Available from: . Penny Bassett (2004). CHINESE AND AUSTRALIAN STUDENTS’ CULTURAL PERCEPTIONS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY, Victoria University. Jim Boyer (2009). Understanding Hofstede’s Theory to Motivate Cross Cultural Employees. Business Insider [online]. (2011) [Accessed 6 May 2012]. Available from: Nicholson, N (1998) Encyclopedic Dictionary of Organizational Behavior Blackwell, pp 215 Hoovers [online]. [Accessed 2012]. Available from: . Starbucks Coffee [online]. [Accessed 2012]. Available from: . V S RAMA RAO (2009). The Hofstede Studies [online]. [Accessed 2012]. Available from: . Cultural Dimensions Theory [online]. (2010) [Accessed 2012]. Available from: . Zoe Wood (2010). Starbucks’ staff set to get free shares in incentive scheme. 19 December 2010. Starbucks [online]. [Accessed 2012]. Available from: . Employee Benefits [online]. (2011) [Accessed 2012]. Available from: . Projects [online]. (2011) [Accessed 2012]. Available from: . York Universit y [online]. (2011) [Accessed 2012]. Available from: .

Post-Wwii Discontent Essays

Post-Wwii Discontent Essays Post-Wwii Discontent Essay Post-Wwii Discontent Essay In this essay I will be analyzing how and why postwar prosperity led to discontent in western European societies during the 1960s. The decade following WWII was surprisingly prosperous, with many nations in a state of political and economic recovery. Material wealth seemed to be growing for the middle classes of both continents. During the 1960s a new generation of baby boomers were approaching the forefront of revolution. These college students were inspired by a combination of Marxist radicalism and anti-Authoritarianism, which led them to resist the old social structure created by their parents. There was a sudden surge of student-led protests starting in 1968, composed of young people who were morally opposed to the rigid social hierarchy of postwar Europe. They sought immediate political liberalization, and were in total defiance of the bourgeois values that had sacrificed social equality in exchange for postwar prosperity. Student disaffection and radical idealism were major catalysts for the revolutions in 1968, most evident in the restless German, French, and Italian youth. Supporters of this activism argued that the working class was corrupted by materialism and prosperity. Therefore they couldn’t rely on the middle class to engage in a class struggle, which is why younger people took it upon themselves to begin a movement. The generation of 1968 â€Å"was fired up by a potent blend of Marxist radicalism, anti-Americanism, antiestablishment rhetoric, alienation from the values of their parents, and a yearning to challenge what they viewed as a static, consumer-centered postwar society† (Hitchcock 247). In France, the need for educational reform was what caused the first demonstrations. Students in the University of Nanterre (Paris) saw their university as simply a product of bourgeois authoritarian society. There was a general sense that people were emerging without any real culture, being trained to fit into the economic system of a highly industrialized society. Although many countries experienced a â€Å"miracle† of postwar economic recovery under their parents, the younger generation was still morally opposed to the values that allowed it to happen. Postwar prosperity led to a clash between the â€Å"New† and the â€Å"Old†, making generational conflict a major cause for discontent in every western European society. Students all blamed professors, parents, government officials, and party leaders for â€Å"the creation and perpetuation of a social system based on crass worship of wealth, on the rigid segregation of society along class and gender lines, and on a refusal to debate the profound philosophical questions about how society should be organized to bring about fairness and justice for [everyone]† (Hitchcock 248). This proves that the atmosphere of youthful rebellion emerged from a need to break down the foundations of a postwar state built through social inequality. The German and Italian movements were significantly violent, and student protests had convinced many workers to start putting pressure on industrial elites. However, some hardcore extremists from the left began using terrorism to carry out a violent crusade against the state. The governments had to balance their postwar commitment to civil liberties and democracy with the use of extreme measures to contain the terrorism. Hitchcock accurately claims that, â€Å"These years of rebellion and terror in Italy, and in Western Europe as a whole, serve as a reminder that the postwar European miracle was never universally accepted by some segments of society† (Hitchcock 261). This supports my idea that European postwar prosperity actually caused many people to re-evaluate the inner workings of their own government. With a direct focus on government, student protests emerged to shed a spotlight on the inequalities of their own social structure. Generational differences between values of parents and their children was a major cause of discontent and revolution throughout Western Europe. The next decade was an ugly period of time, but in the end â€Å"European democracy had survived, bloodied but intact, and perhaps the better for the struggle† (Hitchcock 262).

Arming Pilots Essay Example for Free

Arming Pilots Essay After the September 11th attacks on America’s homeland, citizens became aware that action must be taken to protect passengers and pilots from terrorists. Although strict security measures have been put in place at all American airports, the only way to be certain that another terrorist attack does not occur using commercial aircraft lies in arming pilots with handguns. Not only will arming pilots help act as a preventative measure, it will ensure safer air travel and restore faith in America’s main form of long distance travel. Even though the number of hijackings is minuscule compared to the number of flights, arming pilots would be a first line of deterrence and a last line of defense. Some people may argue that other means should be used to stop hijackers, but as is the case with any illegal activity, if a person wants to commit a crime they will find the means. Therefore, the only way to prevent aircraft hijackings is with the use of guns. One alternative way that has been suggested is arming pilots with tasers, electric shock probes. These are considered problematic by many experts and do not guarantee bringing down a hijacker. As Criminal Justice expert Michael Swedemen said, â€Å"Had the pilots on the ill-fated planes on September 11th had stun guns, they might have dropped one of the hijackers, but the remaining three or four still would have overpowered the plane† (Dougherty, 2002, January 22). Arming pilots would also aid airlines in recovering from the economic downfall that has plagued the industry since the attacks. With armed pilots, passengers would know they are safe from any possibility of a hijacking and the only thing that might cause catastrophic damage would be an unforeseen mechanical problem. Should hijackers be among the passengers they could easily be brought down with guns similar to that of a defiant criminal. Opponents have argued that a stray bullet might penetrate the fuselage or inadvertently hit an innocent passenger. The Air Line Pilot’s Association has called for arming pilots using special ammunition that can kill an attacker but not pierce the fuselage (Dougherty, 2002, January 22). Hitting an innocent passenger is a risk that must be taken. One innocent life lost is far better than the possible countless losses on the hijacked aircraft and immanent destruction resulting on the ground. If passengers know that hijackers cannot take control of the plane, millions of Americans would once again begin flying which would improve economic conditions in a hurting industry. Other questions lie in the ability and mental state of a pilot to carry weapons. Senator Bob Smith (R-N. H. said, â€Å"Commercial pilots are trusted with the lives of thousands of Americans every day, and with proper training they could †¦ protect our skies from future acts of terrorism† (Dougherty, 2002, March 19). Pilots are some of the most mentally, physically, and psychologically tested people with hand/eye coordination that is among the best in any profession. Issuing firearms to pilots would, in effect, be like issuing a gun to a police officer. A pilot should be able to defend his aircraft instead of being left defenseless. The second amendment to the Constitution guarantees the right to bear arms. As this is true for a homeowner to protect his family and himself, this should be true for pilots and their aircraft should they come under attack. Although the idea of using air marshals still exists, they are seen as being less effective. Along with ineffectiveness, the cost of placing an air marshal on every flight is unrealistic. A pilot who has undergone the proper training can perform the same task while being paid by the airlines, rather than spending taxpayer’s dollars (Shaw, 2001, September 19). As support for handguns in the cockpit grows, we must ask ourselves if four guns had been in the cockpit on September 11th would 3,000 people be dead, two 110 story buildings have been brought down, the Pentagon attacked, and a nation left in shock? Americans must realize that committed terrorists will be able to get past security, leaving pilots as the last line of defense. Along with pilots, many Americans feel these measures have to be taken in order to make the friendly skies, friendly again. Arming Pilots. (2016, Sep 18).

Development of modern educational system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Development of modern educational system - Essay Example But I decided to help him out. He knows he is smart enough to even beat others. He worked so hard at reading, but it just never gets easier. Astutely observing his tribulations, his problem came out as 'Dyslexia'. Dyslexia is a brain-based type of learning disability that specifically impairs a person's ability to read. [cite this] Dyslexic children seem to have trouble learning early reading skills, problems hearing individual sounds in words or phrases, examining whole words or sentences in parts, and amalgamating sounds into words. Sometimes they may not differentiate between the letters "b" and "d". The words and sentences seem to them as if they are mingling together or overlapping each other or even moving on the page. It can also be innate in some families; even a number of genes may develop dyslexia. These students are easily being teased, even neglected in social or educational institutions. Though some may have remarkable talents in art, athletics, architecture, graphics, d rama, music, or engineering but they do not realize because of their shyness [cite this]. The vital thing is to help these children in muddling through and providing 'inclusive' education to all schools and colleges. Baroness Warnock (2005) advocated the idea of 'inclusive' education and schools by transferring the students, with special needs, to mainstream schools from special educational institutions. The questionnaires design... The questionnaires designed to scrutinize analysis are very accommodating and helpful to get awareness of their approaches to learn, for the students as well as teachers. Sufficient rigorous ways for setting the more quantitative outcome are obligatory and reliable ascriptions made to the intrusions. Changes found could provoke the factors, such as incentive-ness, self-esteem, sense of worth, and concentration by teachers and it is important to control for as many (Martimore, 2005). So many arguments and actions in the area of 'inclusion' have been focused on altering mainstream schools to comprise pupils who have restrained learning difficulties or any disabilities. The focal point is clearly on learning obscurities as being at the interface between the pupil, teacher and curriculum. Individual program plans should never be taught in isolation [needs citation]. It is a fact that these children will be there and that they are entitled to our attention and the same standard of education as any other child in a class. Challenging behavior can be viewed as an annoyance and source of irritation in the classroom, or as an opportunity to develop new skills and understandings about teaching and learning. 'If a child does not learn the way you teach then teach him the way he learns.' (Chasty, 1999) Some of the main hindrances in achieving inclusive education system were the stringency present in the current education system. The SENCo-Forum, Special Educational Needs Action Programme, mentioned some of the rigidities in achieving inclusive system in educational environments (NASEN, 2004). Inclusive education needs the expert staff levels to meet the

Impact of Technology on Society Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Impact of Technology on Society - Research Paper Example In the process of the advancement of technology, the equipments and the methodology became simpler and more user friendly. For instance, the fixed landline equipments which were heavy were replaced with wireless and mobile phones which are light and portable. The environmental, social, economic and political implications of telephone as a technology on the society have been large. This essay aims to analyze the impact of telephone on the society with reference to the environment, economics, and politics of the society. 1.1. The Background After the invention of telephone in 1876, by early 1900, telephone signals were successfully sent between close by cities (NAE, 2013). The invention of vacuum diode by Sir John Ambrose Fleming was a turning point in the history of telephony. A major milestone in the technology was the first transcontinental call which was made in the year 1915 (NAE, 2013).Though there were portable versions of phones which were used in vehicles right from 1940s, it was in the year 1973 that the first fully portable version phone was made by Martin Cooper for the Motorola Company (NAE, 2013). Later in mid 1990s, following other innovations in the technology, Voice over Internet Protocol, which made voice call using internet was invented. This, along with other innovations changed the whole user perspective towards telephones. Today, mobile phones have become hubs for a wide range of activities and transactions. Through these innovations the technology of telephony has largely influenced the society. 2. Society before telephones Before the telephones were invented one of the first medium through which the society was connected across long distances was through letters. Letters of course took long days to reach the destination and also involved complex administrative procedures. There has to be regularly operating establishments at both the receiver and the sender ends to make sure that the letter reaches the right destination. As it took time th e major disadvantage was that the communication could not keep up with time. For instance, an elaborate communication which is urgent in nature could not be done through letters as there is the possibility that the relevance of the information contained in the letter could go outdated within the time that the letter takes to reach the destination. However, letters were known for its emotional value. Fictional literatures have elaborately dealt with the psychological content associated with letters. In fact letters were known for its expressive nature. There were other means of faster communication in the pre telephone era. Telegrams and technologies like Morse codes were utilized to facilitate faster communication. The whole concept of privacy and personal space was challenged after the penetration of mobile phones into the society. Before individuals had their own portable phones, they all enjoyed a personal space which they themselves could decide. With their mobile phones switche d on, the users share a public space more than their personal space. The mobile version of the telephone technology has changed the politics, economics and social structure of the society to a large extend. Before mobile telephony, there were no tall receiver towers radiating harmful radiations into the

Building a Cyber Security Pipeline to Attract, Train, and Retain Women Research Paper

Building a Cyber Security Pipeline to Attract, Train, and Retain Women - Research Paper Example al, 2010). The focus is training for the positions that do not require the candidate to have a college or university degree. The education is very convenient as it takes the form of online training and women can train as they perform their daily duties. Some of the most important training will be in mitigating risk solutions and networks mapping. The training will assist in the protection of the information for various users such as companies, organizations, as well as individuals and governments and ensure that women remain in the cyber security job for long. Cyber crime rates are very high challenging security in many countries including the US and training many adult women is a strategy that will help reduce the menace. The talented women will have all the skills concerning cyber security, which will improve the cyber security and reduce the labor shortage in the cyber security markets. Targeting adult women for the training programs in cyber security is important since most of them will have a chance to further their studies and earn extra income. Adults are also more available and responsible for the job than children in the high school and other levels. Current information on the US professional workforce shows that women comprise a small percentage of the employees in the Information Technology (IT). Targeting adult women for the cyber security training will, therefore, increase the number of women in the sector and encourage more to enroll. One major reason for the few adult women in the cyber security jobs is that lack of focus in education and interest in sciences, engineering, and technology for women. A strategy that targets adult women to join the cyber security course will be very effective, as they will realize their potential and encourage other to venture in the same career. There are several resources available for adult women on such issues as education, training, and careers in cyber

The Monitoring And Controlling Of Sealed Quench Furnace Engineering Essay

The Monitoring And Controlling Of Sealed Quench Furnace Engineering Essay This Project involves the Monitoring and controlling of sealed quench chamber. Sealed quench furnace is chosen because it is only has both heating and annealing (cooling) process. For other furnaces, Heating and cooling process is done at different furnaces. Sealed quench furnaces are used to eliminate skin decarburization of the work load surfaces after heat treatment and heat -chemical treatment process. The monitoring and controlling of sealed quench furnace is done by using graphical software called Labview. The controlling and monitoring of furnace is done by using the parameters temperature, pressure, oxygen, Raw materials level and flow switch. The furnace is also known as Chamber. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: BACKGROUND: Any industry will have various parameters that are to be continuously monitored and controlled from a remote place. In most of the cases the use of manpower becomes almost impossible and therefore remote monitoring and control systems are extensively developed and  used. In this project sealed quench furnace is monitored and controlled using Labview. MOTIVATION: The aim of the project is to study and design the prototype for sealed quench furnace using Labview. Sealed quench furnace is the only furnace has both heating and cooling (Annealing) process. For other furnaces, heating and annealing process is done at different furnaces. It is used to eliminate skin decarburization of work load surfaces after chemical treatment and heat treatment process. The furnace is used for making bearings, engine parts and so on. The furnace has following features Calculation based on mathematical model of furnace. Function of technological diagrams (current profile of concentration of carbon, expected hardness profile after hardening, current state of the process on the diagram iron carbon and iron oxidation). Overhaul Programming. Fully automated and process repeatability. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the report is to simulate Monitoring and controlling techniques using Labview. The Technique used in the project is monitoring and controlling of sealed quench furnace. METHODOLOGY: The controlling and monitoring in Labview is search on internet and read them. The books from national library is useful to get information about monitoring and controlling, Labview, and furnace. The project will also need help and suggestions from supervisors. The technical help is need and is get from national instruments and also attend seminars about Labview is very useful for doing this project. Digital library is also useful to get information about Labview and controlling of furnace. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS: Labview is a virtual instrumentation that based on the computer. By using Labview can generate independent operation executable files. The system will not interface to the work-in-progress system, nor will it be required to produce statistics for monitoring. Scopes: New atmosphere tempering furnace for scale-free tempering of steel. The new plant is able to process batches of up to 1 ton per load under atmosphere with sealed quenching. Components of up to 760mm can now be done vertically to minimize distortion. Maximum component length of 1220mm can be heat treated under controlled atmosphere. Computer-based order tracking, monitoring and management system introduced. The system was designed in-house by P.H. Heat Treatment for commercial heat-treaters. All of the above have resulted in greater competitiveness and improved customer service. Limitation: Controlling and monitoring is suitable for sealed quench furnace. Temperature is limited to 1000ÃÅ'Ã…   C STRUCTURE OF REPORT: Chapter1 Reviews the introduction of sealed quench furnace and Motivation of project. Chapter 2 Literature review of sealed quench furnace and Labview Chapter 3 Overview of furnace system Chapter 4 System design, testing and result discussions. Chapter 5 Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications of sealed quench furnace. Chapter 6 Gives the conclusions and future discussions CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW: FURNACE: Furnaces are used for different heat treating operations depending upon their heat treat requirements 1.150  Ã‚ °-700 °Ã‚  C used for nitriding, tempering, Annealing etc 2.650  Ã‚ °-1000 °C- used for Hardening, Normalizing, annealing etc 3.0ver 1000 °C -used for hardening of hot work steel, high speed steel, sinting etc Furnaces are divided into Batch type and continuous type. Depends upon Batch type the Quench sealed furnace is available as horizontal or vertical furnaces. It may use for annealing, hardening, carburizing, nitriding, nitrocarburizing etc In these two types of chamber used Heat chamber, quench chamber. The heat chamber is used for heating of materials. Quench chamber is also call as Cooling chamber. The process used in this chamber is heat treatment. Heat treatment is the heating and cooling of metals to alter their physical and mechanical properties without changing their shape. Heat treatment is often associated with increasing the strength of material, but it can also be used to alter certain manufacturing properties such as improve machining, improve formability, and restore ductility after a cold working operation. SEALED QUENCH FURNACE: Sealed quench furnace as a name defines, provides quenching under protective atmosphere. The furnace comprises main heating chamber, inlet vestibule, oil quench tank and upper slow cool chamber. It is also known as Muffle or integral quench furnace. In this project defines sealed quench furnace is chosen it has furnace has both heating and cooling process combined in one unit. The application of the furnace is industrial purpose. In industry side the furnace is used for moulding of metals such as engine parts, gear, etc MATERIALS RELATED TO PROJECT: LABVIEW: Labview is a acronym for Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench. It is a graphical programming language. There is no text-based program code like other programming languages, but there is a diagrammatic view of how data flows through the program. Labview is loved tool for scientists and engineers because conventional programming language is built and the task is achieved. Labview is introduced in 1986 and developed by National instruments. It is easily learn programming language. It is chosen because it is faster than other programming languages. The development in Labview program is 4 times faster than other languages. The virtual instrument developed using Labview is, in short called a VI. Uses of Labview: Faster programming: Hardware integration Advanced Analysis Multiple targets and OS Multiple Programming Approaches Professional User Interfaces Multicore Programming Saves time and money Increased Flexibility Applications of Labview: Acquiring Data and processing signals Automating test and validation systems Designing Embedded systems Instrument control Industrial measurements and control Academic Teaching and Research Polymer Technology Civil and Structural Engineering Defence Textiles Bio-medical Engineering Metallurgy http://cnx.org/content/m15428/latest/ Labview Industrial Applications: It is used in Aircraft industry for making of aircraft engine components such as oil pumps, clutches, pinions, yokes, pins, manometer pistons, aircraft carriages etc. It is used in Bearing Industry: bearing rings It is used machine building industry drive axis, gear axles, gear wheels, toothed rings, hydraulic and pneumatic elements, bolts etc It is used in Automotive industry for making of gear box components and drive axles (shafts, gears etc.) CHAPTER 3 SYSTEM OVERVIEW: BLOCK DIAGRAM: labview1 Figure 2.1 Sealed quench furnace with control system The block diagram of sealed quench furnace is shown in figure 2.1. It consists of Labview control system, Endo gas, Carrier gas, Air supply module, and Air pipe. Figure 2.2 Overview of sealed quench furnace The sealed quench furnace has two chambers separated by refractory lined door which can be opened to allow hot charge to be transferred from heat chamber to cool chamber. In order to determine the systems requirements, the parameter using to control the furnace are Temperature, Pressure, Oxygen level, Flow switch and raw materials level. The temperature of the furnace is monitored by thermistor. The first process is in heat chamber is the heating of materials and is controlled by atmosphere, LPG, Indo gas, Nitrogen. Nitrogen is used for safety purpose because use of LPG and indo gas. Indo gas and nitrogen forms carbon potential manage the raw materials used in the furnace. The control valves pressure and oxygen is monitored by sensors. Temperature sensor is used for the actual process held in the furnace. The second process is in the Quench chamber is cooling of materials. In this controlling valves are used for controlling of the furnace. The flow switch is used for level maintenance. In this Labview control system, it has monitor and control of the furnace, with inputs of temperature, oxygen, Endo gas, and pressure. The temperature of the furnace exists the predefined limit it automatically increases the air level and reduces the gas enter in the furnace. The pressure of the furnace is increases the above the set limit immediately out the air from the furnace. When temperature of the furnace reduces the set limit automatically increases the gas enters into the furnace. CHAPTER 4 SYSTEM DESIGN: Step1: Labview 8.6 version is installed and activating on the system. Step2: Figure 4.1 Front screen of Labview Open Blank VI for new project design. In this two windows are opening 1) Block diagram and 2) Front panel Step 3: Press CTRL+E, CTRL+T for both windows shows parallel. It gives flexibility and designer can see the both screen simultaneously. It is shown in figure Figure 4.2 cascade windows of Labview Step 4: In this deigning the monitoring and controlling of furnace, includes the five screens as follows screen Main screen, Report screen, Run screen, Setup screen and About us screen. MAIN SCREEN: The main screen has About Us, Report, Run, Setup, Exit and login icons. The run icon interconnects to the run module. The setup icon interconnects to the setup module screen. The Report icon interconnects to the report screen. The about us icon interconnects to the about us screen. Figure 4.3 main screen front panel Figure 4.4 Block diagram of main screen Step 5: Setup screen: In set up screen the settings of furnace are listed. Figure 4.5 Setup screen front panel Figure 4.6 setup screen block diagram Step 6: Report screen: Figure 4.7 report screen front panel Figure 4.8 report screen block diagram Step 7: Run screen: Figure 4.9 run screen block diagram Step8: About Us screen Figure 4.11 About us screen front panel Figure 4.12 About us screen block diagram CHAPTER 5 TESTING AND EVOLUTION: Problems Arise: The Labview is the latest programming tool and there are not enough reference books are available. Labview is latest design tool how to use this software The designing of setup screen Problem solution: Labview information is get from internet source and some books are getting from national library. Attend the seminar at national instruments, Singapore for using of Labview. CHAPTER 6 Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications: 1. Advantages of sealed quench furnace: Less distortion Process repeatability Minimal pollution Fully automated, Avoids manual errors Systematic analyzing Wastage minimized and cost saving Consistency in case depth and surface hardness. 2. Disadvantages of sealed quench furnace: Very fast quench Corrosive quench tank Fixtures and fitting High cost High safety need Limitation of weight (750 / 1000 kgs) Power consumption high Use only special gases Repeated process not applicable Only used hot quenching oil (oil cost high). 3. Features of sealed quench furnace are shown below Re-carburizing. Controlled atmosphere annealing Bright annealing Carbonitriding Normalizing Hardening Carburizing-hardening Carburizing 4. Application: The sealed quench furnace using applications are shown below Industrial Applications Gear making Engine parts Stainless less steel materials Making of tools Making of steels Making of machine parts, etc PROJECT MANAGEMENT: CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION: The monitoring and controlling of sealed quench furnace using Labview is designed and tested with valid parameters. The Monitoring and controlling of sealed quench furnace is successfully tested and meets all the objectives required to function accordingly. The problems arise were encountered, it is manageable and solved with technical guidance. The conclusion from the performance results are Graphical programming is flexible and easy. Program design can be changed easily based on the customer requirements. Overall the system is efficient RECOMMENDATION: The prototype was successfully developed to meet its objectives but it could be further improved based on hardware design.

Theoretical Study and Computational Modeling :: Graduate Admissions Essays

Theoretical Study and Computational Modeling    As the science of theoretical chemistry has matured, its focus   has shifted from analytically solvable problems, such as the   atomic structure of hydrogen, to more complex problems for which   analytical solutions are difficult or impossible to specify.    Important questions about the behavior of condensed phases of   matter, the electronic structure of heavy atoms and the _in   vivo_ conformation of biological macromolecules fall into this   class.   The powerful, highly-parallel supercomputers that have   evolved from recent advances in computing technology are ideally   suited to the mathematical modeling of these complex chemical   phenomena.   Simulations in which the trajectories of a large   number of interacting bodies must be computed simultaneously,   such as statistical-mechanical Monte Carlo studies or molecular   dynamics simulations, are particularly appropriate for   implementation on parallel machines.   I plan to devote my   graduate and postgraduate work to the theoretical study and   computational modeling of these many-body systems.      In preparation for this work, I have developed a strong   background in mathematics and computer science in addition to my   coursework in chemistry.   Given the current demand for increased   computing capacity, this background should prove beneficial.   For example, while recent advances in computer hardware alone   promise potential tenfold increases in speed, truly significant   jumps in computing power (speedups of, say, a thousandfold) will   require changes in currently available programming environments   and the reformulation of popular simulation algorithms.   Furthermore, until highly-parallel machines become widely   available, even modest increases in capacity will depend in part   upon the innovative use of existing hardware through the   continued modification of available software and the development   of new algorithms.   My elective work in computer science and   mathematics should prove useful for both the revision of   existin g programs and the eventual development of new programs   and languages specifically designed for the parallel   architecture of tomorrow's supercomputers.      After completing my doctoral work, I plan to seek employment as   a university professor.

Street Children

Street Children â€Å"People don't love us,† says Tigiste, a 12 years old street girl from Addis Ababa. A small example of how these kids suffer everyday, as Tigiste, there are many kids like her all over the world. One of these countries that has a huge problem in this issue is Egypt. But who is a street kid? how can we classify these children by that name? and what is the number of them? â€Å"A street child is defined as any boy or girl for whom the street in the widest sense of the word has become his or her habitual abode and/or source of livelihood, and who is inadequately protected, supervised, or directed by responsible adults† (ESCWA).Omneya Ragab, writer in Al-Ahram weekly says, â€Å"Among the estimated tens of thousands children in street situations, 65% escape family problems, 30% are out in the streets to earn money for themselves and their families while 23% are forced to leave by family members. It is estimated that the number of these children is range d between 200,000 and 2,000,000. You can find them sleeping on pavements, standing at traffic, shining shoes, selling newspapers or notice them under bridges. The main cause of this phenomenon is poverty.Although there are not reliable studies, but it is assumed that â€Å"the percentage of those living on less than $1 a day is 3. 4 % while the percentage of those living on less than $2 a day is 42. 8 %†(ESCWA). Other causes are : violence, an old thought that a child has to work at an early age and stop education and falling preys for employers, a member in family or by their peers. Effects are clearly observed as this resulted to depending on charity, sexual abuse and continuing of a series of violence in general and illness.So, this essay will demonstrate the causes of this problem, then the effects in details and how can this problem be solved tackling some projects that are already done to face this. So as to analyze any problem we should know its cause which will lead u s to understand its effects in a better way. A life of a child is at stake, everyday these innocent kids are exposed to danger. First it comes from family, which circumstances affects them and lead to uncontrollability in actions whether from a member of a family or by any sudden unexpected event, like the one that happened at AL Dewe'a or by losing contact with the parents including death.This could result in displacement of these children were they can't find a place or shelter except under a bridge, infront of mosques or in any public place like gardens for example. Also, another cause is, the deprivation of education. Based on the Egyptian 2006 census, â€Å"the percentage of children between 6 and 18 years who never enrolled or who have dropped out of basic education was 14. 7 %, amounting to around three million children. The gross enrolment rate of children in basic, secondary and tertiary levels was 76. %†. It was found that the main causes of that is the violence the y suffer at home, school or at work; which lead afterwards that parents urge them to work only because that is more profitable and gives instant cash flows. The problem is that the child becomes fed up and start to search for the prefered environment but finds that in the street which is an exit to change their lives. Yet they suffer more violence with a constant feeling of insecurity; from older street children, abusive community members or from the police.So they are urged to submit, whether it was for an employer who could be an older street child or to the police and in both ways they will feel pain and humiliation. This can be by abuse, rape or other ways of torture. According to Human Rights Watch, police beatings are purely punitive or correctional in approach: in other words, they are used to â€Å"teach the children a lesson†! And by the street children you can find the worse as sexual violence may lead to unwanted pregnancies for girls and extreme injuries for both genders. Street Children [pic] NAME OF CANDIDATE: CENTER #: CANDIDATE #: TERITORY: JAMAICA YEAR: 2013 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Street children in my community ? What are the factors that influence children to live on the streets? ? What are the measures that can be taken to get them into homes/places of safety? RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. What are the factors that influence children to live on the streets? 2. What are the effects of living on the streets affects these children? 3. What are the measures that can be taken to get street children off the streets? METHOD OF INVESTIGATION The method of investigation chosen is the questionnaire.The questionnaire as chosen as a tool for collecting information because of a number of advantages they are: 1. It requires less time to be completed. 2. It is highly confidential since no name is required. 3. It can be done base on the person’s schedule. REASON FOR SELECTING AREA OF RESEARCH The area in which the research will be done is the down town area. The reason for sele cting this particular area is as a result of the high rate of street children on the streets of down town. It was observed that these children have been on the street on several occasions. I want to explore the causes and effects of their phenomena.PROCEDURES FOR DATA COLLECTION In the area of Down Town Kingston there are thousands of different streets. Some of which are more crowded with street children than others. There was a minimum of 1 street children present on these streets and a maximum of 2. In the less crowded streets of the area, 10 street children were present respectively, questionnaires were given to each. On the streets which were less crowded 6 males were present and 4 females, their ages from 10-17 years. On the street that was more crowded, 16 males and 4 females present their ages also ranged from 10-17 years.When approached and asked if they would complete the questionnaire some demanded money while others immediately agreed, no one refused. Some needed little o r no help. 30 questionnaires were issued, all of which were complete and returned immediately to the researcher who waited on them patiently. When they were finished and counted 8 females and 22 males actually completed the questionnaires. DATA ANALYSIS Street children, where is their place in society? Red Rat, a local DJ aptly describes Jamaicans view on the home of street children when he sang that they â€Å"No Live Nuh Wey†.His song also highlights the hardship experienced by children, the activities they get involved in and their aspirations. This project then, seeks to answer two main questions: 1. Why are these children living on the streets of my community? 2. What are the measures that can be taken to get street children off the streets? In order to provide a comprehensive answer to these two questions, the project will first look at the major cause of this phenomenon, urbanization. It will then look at the spatial location of street children in my community and in K ingston.The focus will then move to who they are, why they are on the streets and the activities in which they are engaged. It will also examine how effective institutions are in meeting the needs of the children. This is done in an attempt to determine whether or not there is hope for these children. This project will conclude by making suggestions on how to give hope to street children. Waugh, (2000), describes urbanization as the process by which an increasing proportion of the total population, usually of a country, lives in towns and cities. This growth is due to natural increase and to a larger extent rural-urban migration.Map 1,page 2, shows that the most densely populated parishes are in the areas of the Kingston Metropolitan Region, which includes Kingston, St. Andrew and St. Catherine, (Census 2001). Urbanization in these areas has placed stress on the available resources and has led to overcrowding, which in turn has led to several problems. These include shortages of hou ses and the development of slums/ghettos, crime and violence, unemployment and underemployment and the incidence of street people specifically, children. The stance of this project is that street children are victims of urbanization.Agnelli, 1986 confirms our stance when he wrote that the phenomenon of street children is urban in nature, as there are no rural street children. Map 2, page 3, further confirms this. [pic] [pic] The writer of this project define Street children as those children who are under the age of seventeen years who live or work on the streets as a regular daily activity. This is endorsed by Lusk et. al (1992) in an article entitled Children in need, described street children as any child for whom the street has become his or her habitual abode and /or source of livelihood, and who is inadequately protected, supervised, or directed by adults.In an interview with a social worker, the profile of a street child was outlined; he mistrust people, he enjoys his indepen dence, he tends to be rebellious, he dislikes authoritarianism or ridged control, he can be rehabilitated, he can cope under difficult circumstances and he is nomadic. The writers of this article indicated that there are three categories of street children: Children on the streets – are those who still have links with families and attend school, but work on the streets outside of school hours.Children of the streets – are those whose links with the family are remote and who consider the street to be their home. Abandoned children – are those who are completely on their own and have no links with their families. Numerous reasons have been given to explain the presence of the children on the roads. A Gleaner article of August 23, 2011 highlighted three reasons: It claimed that some children are orphaned as their parents were killed in shooting sprees in the inner city areas, some parents have migrated and have left them in the care of uncaring relatives, friends a nd older siblings.In another article found in the Sunday Gleaner on August 25, 2011, the writer quoted the former project coordinator of Wings, in saying that the boys were put out of their homes by their parents, and that some were coerced into the streets because of overcrowded homes. In another article found in the Gleaner on March 15, 2002, the writer critically stated that the children were on the streets because they were either truants from the school system or a product of dysfunctional families.From our research, we have found that a typical street child is a 12-year-old boy from a female- headed household, the average size of which is five persons, where his guardian either is unemployed or marginally employed. The responses from the questionnaire regarding the reason for their absence from school suggest that socio-economic deprivation is indeed a major factor. Some even responded sayings that they were forced peddle wares on the streets to supplement the family’s income; others were suspended or expelled from school, while there were a few who stated that there was no reason.Irregular school attendance for those who are actually enrolled into a school is a popular feature found among the street children interviewed. Many went to school only three days per week; using the remaining days of the week to perform their personal activities. For those who were absent from school only once or twice per week, Thursday and Friday were their preferred days to be absent. This they stated enabled them to go to the market to beg and or sell. Thursday is the wholesale day in the major retail market and Friday being payday, is a popular market day for workers in the urban centres.These days proved to be most profitable for these child labourers as they earn much of their money transporting goods for the shoppers. Based on the responses of the children from the questionnaire, it is possible to assess and determine the main â€Å"push factors† which ha s inevitably resulted in them being on the street. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE INCREASING NUMBER OF STREET CHILDREN 11% 30%State 19% 33% Parents Abusers Peers 7%Severe Poverty Push Factors a) The state – Overcrowding of the educational or childcare system is the primary cause for movement of the children from the institutions provided.The state neglects their responsibilities by not adequately funding these institutions. The signs were evident in the inner city schools visited where the teacher – pupil ratio is about 1:60. In addition, the lack of desk and chairs, stationery and other vital equipment causes discomfort for the students and teachers. b) The consequences of the actions of parents such as neglect, migration or directly sending their children out on the streets, forces them to fend for themselves hence causing child labour. ) Physical, sexual or emotional abuse, caused by parents or guardians usually leads to the child running away from home and thereby bei ng forced into child labour d) Peer pressure –The feeling of inadequacy at school discourages then from wanting to learn, especially if they are being teased and ridiculed and hence they are push into child labour. e) Severe poverty – The children are forced unto the streets to supplement the inadequate income of the household, often following the laying off from work of the primary caregiver. ) Those who enter into child labour primarily of their own volition, in order to help out their parents or to become more independent themselves; and g) Those entering as a direct result of family crisis like the illness or death of the primary caregiver. Pull Factors A. â€Å"Pop Culture† influences children, in that it dictates the clothing and styles to be worn in order for them to be considered fashionable. When children of a poor socio economic background see their friends in the latest fashions, living a carefree life without any responsibilities this entices them to want to follow this trend.However due to their poor financial circumstances they are unable to afford these trends, hence leading them to go out and fend or work for themselves in an attempt to afford these styles. B. In a paper published by David Dunkley’s on February 11, 1999, Turf wars were cited as one of the reasons for boys not returning home at nights. From having spoken to street children ourselves, we saw that this was in fact one of the reasons many felt they could not return home at nights and so remained on the streets, as they feared for their lives.Others received money, protection and the needed support from the â€Å"don† (local area leader), who used them as carriers for their illicit wares. On interviewing these children, we also realized that a few of them had behavioral problems. It was found that the children, who exhibited extreme forms of behavioral problems, were from larger families with one or no parent and were the ones who were particularly into sporadic school attendance. They were the ones who were also from depressed communities where overcrowding was a problem and living conditions were poor.During our research, a child highlighted some of his reason for being on the streets. He reported that he lived in a single room house with his mother and other siblings and was forced to leave the house when his mother was â€Å"entertaining†. Another child, who resided with his grandparent, complained that he could not live with her because she was miserable and demanding. Hence he avoided going home as he disliked the living conditions and is thereby a street child. In our survey, 92% of the children were boys and they were involved in a number of activities: they pushed carts, they carried people’s luggage.They sold items for others, they bought and sold items, some went to sea and some were there just to check their â€Å"brethren†. One little boy in particular said that when he is on the street he â €Å"run up an’ down†. Not surprisingly though is the fact that the majority are involved in one or another economic activity. In fact 75% admitted to be so involved. These activities, according to these children yield great returns. In 1986 children were making a maximum of $21. 00 per day, now 75% of them made over $1000. 00 per day. One child stated that he made over $1,800. 0 per day. Seventeen percent of them were reluctant to reveal their daily earnings or simply did not know. If these figures are truly representative of what a child makes on the street, it is no wonder that they are willing to remain there regardless of the harsh treatment, which is meted out to them by the general public. It is evident that the economic pull to street life is greater now than in the 1980s and 1990s. Hence this remains a major factor for children being on the streets. When we question, â€Å"Why are these children living on the streets in my community? there are many reasons and excuses. Many are in search of love and acceptance; others see it as a means of survival or an outlet. The real question however is, â€Å"Is there hope for these children? † In answering the question, is there hope for these children, one would be tempted to give a resounding yes. But can this be justified? The plight of the street children has not been ignored by the Jamaican Government, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and International organizations. In fact, programmes have been put in place to alleviate problems of child labour in Kingston.These include RISE Life Management who plays a great role in my community, Children First, Hope for Children, The Possibility Programme, St. Andrew Care Centre, the National Initiative for Street Children (NISC), Tackle Child Labour by the International Labour Organization and the Socialization Project by the Kingston Restoration Company. Mainly the United Children Educational Foundation (UNICEF) funds many of these programmes. All of the named institutions have been established to alleviate problems of child labor and neglected children in the metropolitan area.Most of these institutions aim at giving these children institution Management provides counseling, classes and youth programs for street children in my community. Children First aims at reintroducing them into the formal school system. It reunites them with their families and monitors their attendance in the government schools. Map 3 shows their specific location in Kingston, and proximity to my community the main study area. The residence of the street children are located in mostly densely populated homes where the standard of living is low and living conditions harsh.Many of the institutions that are put in place to help them are located within the community or close by. [pic] In these institutions, a number of activities are planned for the children, some outside the classroom. All the organizations have regular school activities inclusive of Mathematics, English, Reading, Social Studies, Science, and Computing. At Children First there is a thematic teaching system in which themes are chosen by the students, for example, â€Å"Children Rights†. They also offer skills training programs such as cosmetology, barbering and photography. At NISC,Children First for example, has aided a number of students to attend universities both local and international. For example, there is a student studying medicine in Cuba, and one, at The Edna Manley School Of Art is studying to become an actor. Two-thirds of the staff is graduates of the program. Mrs. Pious, executive director of Children First has found that in order to improve the lives of the children, it is often necessary to improve the lives of the parents or guardians as well. As a result, the program has enabled many parents to start small businesses such as chicken rearing, ewing and goat rearing. At Hope for Children, students have been involved in drama. A few of thei r past productions include â€Å"Come Listen to We†, â€Å"Wicked Reality† and â€Å"Man, Woman and Child†. The street children in my community seemed very ambitious and their occupational aspirations were wide and varied. Figure 2 shows the career choice of the street children. DESIRED OCCUPATION OF THE STREET CHILDREN 10 8 6 4 2 0 OCCUPATIONS What is noticeable is that only the needs of the carpenter and the fisherman and to a lesser extent that of a truck driver are catered to by these institution.The implication of this is that if they boys are taken off the street and placed in any of these institutions, their aspirations would not be met. The formal educational institutions however could meet their goals, but they have to, to a large extent turn their backs on these institutions. One still have to wonder, is there hope for these children? What is heartening is that the children, although they were on the street, thought that education was important and tha t it was the only way for them to achieve their goals. In fact, 83% of them believe that education is important in their acquiring their career goals.It is often times said that where there is a will there is a way. Even though many of the children have the desire to attain upper socio-economic mobility, they were often times forced to attend these institutions. When the Administrators were asked about the institutionalization of the children, they indicated that few children came in voluntarily. In fact, Most of the children were sent there by parents, concerned citizens and police officers. Overall, having been forced to attend has caused them to be defiant and hostile to the programme.At Children First most of the children attend voluntarily and hence their level of success is greater. We also found from our interview that 6% of the children did not even know where the institutions were located or even that they existed. Overall, from my observation, the programmes I have studied have shown a level of success. But in light of the negative aspects, which we have observed, I recommend the following: 1. A public education programme on radio and television, which highlights why contributions should be given directly to the programmes in place instead of the children. . Implementing more self-help schemes for the parents or guardians of the street children, that is, helping them to generate a steady income. 3. Government should make the needs of street children one of its priorities. More money should be allocated to these programmes to effect changes. 4. Make the public aware of the plight of our nation’s future through the introduction of a Street Children Day in Child month and Media coverage (when people become aware, they will become sympathetic and generous). DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT Sample of Questionnaire 1. Gender Tick (/)Male ( )Female ( ) 2. Age 10-11 years ( )12-13 years ( )14-15 years ( )16-17 years ( ) 3. How long have you been on the stre ets? 6 months-1 year ( )2-3 years ( )4-5 years ( )6 years and over ( ) 4. When you were at home, what type of family did you live in? Single ( )Nuclear ( )Extended ( ) Other ( ) 5. Do you plan on returning home? Yes ( ) No ( ) 6. Do you like living on the street? Yes ( ) No ( ) 7. What are some of the factors that are responsible for you becoming a street child? Abandoned by parents ( )Disruptive behaviors/can’t be controlled ( )Ran away from home ( )Other ( ) 8. What was the main punishment received at home? Beating/Flogging ( )Indecent language ( )Being put to starve ( ) Other ( ) 9. What type of relationship do you have with your family now that you are on the streets? Excellent ( )Poor ( ) Fair ( ) None ( ) 10. Do you think its better being on the streets that at home? Yes ( ) No ( ) If yes why? ______________________________________________________________ 11. How do you provide for yourself on the streets? Begging ( )Stealing ( )Searching household garbage ( ) 12. Do yo u ever wish you never left home?Yes ( )No ( ) 13. How does being a street child affect you emotionally? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 14. How does being a street child affect your physical appearance? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 15. Were you in school? Yes ( )No ( ) 16. If yes what grade/form where you in? 17. Are you able to read and write? Yes ( )No ( ) 18.What are the measures that can be taken to get street children off the streets? Put them in state homes ( ) Have counseling sessions with them and put them up for adoption ( ) Establish laws to punish parents who contribute to their child being on the streets ( ) 19. Do you think the measures will work for you? Yes ( ) No ( ) Maybe ( ) 20. What can persons who wish to become parents do to avoid chil dren leaving home to live on the streets? Attend parenting sessions on how to care for the child ( ) Talk to the child/children to find out what is bothering them ( )Get involved in activities at the child school to see how well they are doing () BIBLIOGRAPHY Agnelli (1986), Street Children- A growing urban tragedy -Report for the Independent Commission on International Humanitarian Issues Boyce-Reid, k. (1993) A Report on Street Children Projects http://gvnet. com/streetchildren/Jamaica. htm David Dunkley(1999) :Street Children- effects of urbanization ———————– School Based Assessment on Street Children in my community FISHERMAN FIRE MAN CARPENTER PERCENTAGES DOCTOR BUSINESS MAN TEACHER TRUCK DRIVER BANK CLERK Stall Cart Street Children [pic] NAME OF CANDIDATE: CENTER #: CANDIDATE #: TERITORY: JAMAICA YEAR: 2013 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Street children in my community ? What are the factors that influence children to live on the streets? ? What are the measures that can be taken to get them into homes/places of safety? RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. What are the factors that influence children to live on the streets? 2. What are the effects of living on the streets affects these children? 3. What are the measures that can be taken to get street children off the streets? METHOD OF INVESTIGATION The method of investigation chosen is the questionnaire.The questionnaire as chosen as a tool for collecting information because of a number of advantages they are: 1. It requires less time to be completed. 2. It is highly confidential since no name is required. 3. It can be done base on the person’s schedule. REASON FOR SELECTING AREA OF RESEARCH The area in which the research will be done is the down town area. The reason for sele cting this particular area is as a result of the high rate of street children on the streets of down town. It was observed that these children have been on the street on several occasions. I want to explore the causes and effects of their phenomena.PROCEDURES FOR DATA COLLECTION In the area of Down Town Kingston there are thousands of different streets. Some of which are more crowded with street children than others. There was a minimum of 1 street children present on these streets and a maximum of 2. In the less crowded streets of the area, 10 street children were present respectively, questionnaires were given to each. On the streets which were less crowded 6 males were present and 4 females, their ages from 10-17 years. On the street that was more crowded, 16 males and 4 females present their ages also ranged from 10-17 years.When approached and asked if they would complete the questionnaire some demanded money while others immediately agreed, no one refused. Some needed little o r no help. 30 questionnaires were issued, all of which were complete and returned immediately to the researcher who waited on them patiently. When they were finished and counted 8 females and 22 males actually completed the questionnaires. DATA ANALYSIS Street children, where is their place in society? Red Rat, a local DJ aptly describes Jamaicans view on the home of street children when he sang that they â€Å"No Live Nuh Wey†.His song also highlights the hardship experienced by children, the activities they get involved in and their aspirations. This project then, seeks to answer two main questions: 1. Why are these children living on the streets of my community? 2. What are the measures that can be taken to get street children off the streets? In order to provide a comprehensive answer to these two questions, the project will first look at the major cause of this phenomenon, urbanization. It will then look at the spatial location of street children in my community and in K ingston.The focus will then move to who they are, why they are on the streets and the activities in which they are engaged. It will also examine how effective institutions are in meeting the needs of the children. This is done in an attempt to determine whether or not there is hope for these children. This project will conclude by making suggestions on how to give hope to street children. Waugh, (2000), describes urbanization as the process by which an increasing proportion of the total population, usually of a country, lives in towns and cities. This growth is due to natural increase and to a larger extent rural-urban migration.Map 1,page 2, shows that the most densely populated parishes are in the areas of the Kingston Metropolitan Region, which includes Kingston, St. Andrew and St. Catherine, (Census 2001). Urbanization in these areas has placed stress on the available resources and has led to overcrowding, which in turn has led to several problems. These include shortages of hou ses and the development of slums/ghettos, crime and violence, unemployment and underemployment and the incidence of street people specifically, children. The stance of this project is that street children are victims of urbanization.Agnelli, 1986 confirms our stance when he wrote that the phenomenon of street children is urban in nature, as there are no rural street children. Map 2, page 3, further confirms this. [pic] [pic] The writer of this project define Street children as those children who are under the age of seventeen years who live or work on the streets as a regular daily activity. This is endorsed by Lusk et. al (1992) in an article entitled Children in need, described street children as any child for whom the street has become his or her habitual abode and /or source of livelihood, and who is inadequately protected, supervised, or directed by adults.In an interview with a social worker, the profile of a street child was outlined; he mistrust people, he enjoys his indepen dence, he tends to be rebellious, he dislikes authoritarianism or ridged control, he can be rehabilitated, he can cope under difficult circumstances and he is nomadic. The writers of this article indicated that there are three categories of street children: Children on the streets – are those who still have links with families and attend school, but work on the streets outside of school hours.Children of the streets – are those whose links with the family are remote and who consider the street to be their home. Abandoned children – are those who are completely on their own and have no links with their families. Numerous reasons have been given to explain the presence of the children on the roads. A Gleaner article of August 23, 2011 highlighted three reasons: It claimed that some children are orphaned as their parents were killed in shooting sprees in the inner city areas, some parents have migrated and have left them in the care of uncaring relatives, friends a nd older siblings.In another article found in the Sunday Gleaner on August 25, 2011, the writer quoted the former project coordinator of Wings, in saying that the boys were put out of their homes by their parents, and that some were coerced into the streets because of overcrowded homes. In another article found in the Gleaner on March 15, 2002, the writer critically stated that the children were on the streets because they were either truants from the school system or a product of dysfunctional families.From our research, we have found that a typical street child is a 12-year-old boy from a female- headed household, the average size of which is five persons, where his guardian either is unemployed or marginally employed. The responses from the questionnaire regarding the reason for their absence from school suggest that socio-economic deprivation is indeed a major factor. Some even responded sayings that they were forced peddle wares on the streets to supplement the family’s income; others were suspended or expelled from school, while there were a few who stated that there was no reason.Irregular school attendance for those who are actually enrolled into a school is a popular feature found among the street children interviewed. Many went to school only three days per week; using the remaining days of the week to perform their personal activities. For those who were absent from school only once or twice per week, Thursday and Friday were their preferred days to be absent. This they stated enabled them to go to the market to beg and or sell. Thursday is the wholesale day in the major retail market and Friday being payday, is a popular market day for workers in the urban centres.These days proved to be most profitable for these child labourers as they earn much of their money transporting goods for the shoppers. Based on the responses of the children from the questionnaire, it is possible to assess and determine the main â€Å"push factors† which ha s inevitably resulted in them being on the street. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE INCREASING NUMBER OF STREET CHILDREN 11% 30%State 19% 33% Parents Abusers Peers 7%Severe Poverty Push Factors a) The state – Overcrowding of the educational or childcare system is the primary cause for movement of the children from the institutions provided.The state neglects their responsibilities by not adequately funding these institutions. The signs were evident in the inner city schools visited where the teacher – pupil ratio is about 1:60. In addition, the lack of desk and chairs, stationery and other vital equipment causes discomfort for the students and teachers. b) The consequences of the actions of parents such as neglect, migration or directly sending their children out on the streets, forces them to fend for themselves hence causing child labour. ) Physical, sexual or emotional abuse, caused by parents or guardians usually leads to the child running away from home and thereby bei ng forced into child labour d) Peer pressure –The feeling of inadequacy at school discourages then from wanting to learn, especially if they are being teased and ridiculed and hence they are push into child labour. e) Severe poverty – The children are forced unto the streets to supplement the inadequate income of the household, often following the laying off from work of the primary caregiver. ) Those who enter into child labour primarily of their own volition, in order to help out their parents or to become more independent themselves; and g) Those entering as a direct result of family crisis like the illness or death of the primary caregiver. Pull Factors A. â€Å"Pop Culture† influences children, in that it dictates the clothing and styles to be worn in order for them to be considered fashionable. When children of a poor socio economic background see their friends in the latest fashions, living a carefree life without any responsibilities this entices them to want to follow this trend.However due to their poor financial circumstances they are unable to afford these trends, hence leading them to go out and fend or work for themselves in an attempt to afford these styles. B. In a paper published by David Dunkley’s on February 11, 1999, Turf wars were cited as one of the reasons for boys not returning home at nights. From having spoken to street children ourselves, we saw that this was in fact one of the reasons many felt they could not return home at nights and so remained on the streets, as they feared for their lives.Others received money, protection and the needed support from the â€Å"don† (local area leader), who used them as carriers for their illicit wares. On interviewing these children, we also realized that a few of them had behavioral problems. It was found that the children, who exhibited extreme forms of behavioral problems, were from larger families with one or no parent and were the ones who were particularly into sporadic school attendance. They were the ones who were also from depressed communities where overcrowding was a problem and living conditions were poor.During our research, a child highlighted some of his reason for being on the streets. He reported that he lived in a single room house with his mother and other siblings and was forced to leave the house when his mother was â€Å"entertaining†. Another child, who resided with his grandparent, complained that he could not live with her because she was miserable and demanding. Hence he avoided going home as he disliked the living conditions and is thereby a street child. In our survey, 92% of the children were boys and they were involved in a number of activities: they pushed carts, they carried people’s luggage.They sold items for others, they bought and sold items, some went to sea and some were there just to check their â€Å"brethren†. One little boy in particular said that when he is on the street he â €Å"run up an’ down†. Not surprisingly though is the fact that the majority are involved in one or another economic activity. In fact 75% admitted to be so involved. These activities, according to these children yield great returns. In 1986 children were making a maximum of $21. 00 per day, now 75% of them made over $1000. 00 per day. One child stated that he made over $1,800. 0 per day. Seventeen percent of them were reluctant to reveal their daily earnings or simply did not know. If these figures are truly representative of what a child makes on the street, it is no wonder that they are willing to remain there regardless of the harsh treatment, which is meted out to them by the general public. It is evident that the economic pull to street life is greater now than in the 1980s and 1990s. Hence this remains a major factor for children being on the streets. When we question, â€Å"Why are these children living on the streets in my community? there are many reasons and excuses. Many are in search of love and acceptance; others see it as a means of survival or an outlet. The real question however is, â€Å"Is there hope for these children? † In answering the question, is there hope for these children, one would be tempted to give a resounding yes. But can this be justified? The plight of the street children has not been ignored by the Jamaican Government, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and International organizations. In fact, programmes have been put in place to alleviate problems of child labour in Kingston.These include RISE Life Management who plays a great role in my community, Children First, Hope for Children, The Possibility Programme, St. Andrew Care Centre, the National Initiative for Street Children (NISC), Tackle Child Labour by the International Labour Organization and the Socialization Project by the Kingston Restoration Company. Mainly the United Children Educational Foundation (UNICEF) funds many of these programmes. All of the named institutions have been established to alleviate problems of child labor and neglected children in the metropolitan area.Most of these institutions aim at giving these children institution Management provides counseling, classes and youth programs for street children in my community. Children First aims at reintroducing them into the formal school system. It reunites them with their families and monitors their attendance in the government schools. Map 3 shows their specific location in Kingston, and proximity to my community the main study area. The residence of the street children are located in mostly densely populated homes where the standard of living is low and living conditions harsh.Many of the institutions that are put in place to help them are located within the community or close by. [pic] In these institutions, a number of activities are planned for the children, some outside the classroom. All the organizations have regular school activities inclusive of Mathematics, English, Reading, Social Studies, Science, and Computing. At Children First there is a thematic teaching system in which themes are chosen by the students, for example, â€Å"Children Rights†. They also offer skills training programs such as cosmetology, barbering and photography. At NISC,Children First for example, has aided a number of students to attend universities both local and international. For example, there is a student studying medicine in Cuba, and one, at The Edna Manley School Of Art is studying to become an actor. Two-thirds of the staff is graduates of the program. Mrs. Pious, executive director of Children First has found that in order to improve the lives of the children, it is often necessary to improve the lives of the parents or guardians as well. As a result, the program has enabled many parents to start small businesses such as chicken rearing, ewing and goat rearing. At Hope for Children, students have been involved in drama. A few of thei r past productions include â€Å"Come Listen to We†, â€Å"Wicked Reality† and â€Å"Man, Woman and Child†. The street children in my community seemed very ambitious and their occupational aspirations were wide and varied. Figure 2 shows the career choice of the street children. DESIRED OCCUPATION OF THE STREET CHILDREN 10 8 6 4 2 0 OCCUPATIONS What is noticeable is that only the needs of the carpenter and the fisherman and to a lesser extent that of a truck driver are catered to by these institution.The implication of this is that if they boys are taken off the street and placed in any of these institutions, their aspirations would not be met. The formal educational institutions however could meet their goals, but they have to, to a large extent turn their backs on these institutions. One still have to wonder, is there hope for these children? What is heartening is that the children, although they were on the street, thought that education was important and tha t it was the only way for them to achieve their goals. In fact, 83% of them believe that education is important in their acquiring their career goals.It is often times said that where there is a will there is a way. Even though many of the children have the desire to attain upper socio-economic mobility, they were often times forced to attend these institutions. When the Administrators were asked about the institutionalization of the children, they indicated that few children came in voluntarily. In fact, Most of the children were sent there by parents, concerned citizens and police officers. Overall, having been forced to attend has caused them to be defiant and hostile to the programme.At Children First most of the children attend voluntarily and hence their level of success is greater. We also found from our interview that 6% of the children did not even know where the institutions were located or even that they existed. Overall, from my observation, the programmes I have studied have shown a level of success. But in light of the negative aspects, which we have observed, I recommend the following: 1. A public education programme on radio and television, which highlights why contributions should be given directly to the programmes in place instead of the children. . Implementing more self-help schemes for the parents or guardians of the street children, that is, helping them to generate a steady income. 3. Government should make the needs of street children one of its priorities. More money should be allocated to these programmes to effect changes. 4. Make the public aware of the plight of our nation’s future through the introduction of a Street Children Day in Child month and Media coverage (when people become aware, they will become sympathetic and generous). DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT Sample of Questionnaire 1. Gender Tick (/)Male ( )Female ( ) 2. Age 10-11 years ( )12-13 years ( )14-15 years ( )16-17 years ( ) 3. How long have you been on the stre ets? 6 months-1 year ( )2-3 years ( )4-5 years ( )6 years and over ( ) 4. When you were at home, what type of family did you live in? Single ( )Nuclear ( )Extended ( ) Other ( ) 5. Do you plan on returning home? Yes ( ) No ( ) 6. Do you like living on the street? Yes ( ) No ( ) 7. What are some of the factors that are responsible for you becoming a street child? Abandoned by parents ( )Disruptive behaviors/can’t be controlled ( )Ran away from home ( )Other ( ) 8. What was the main punishment received at home? Beating/Flogging ( )Indecent language ( )Being put to starve ( ) Other ( ) 9. What type of relationship do you have with your family now that you are on the streets? Excellent ( )Poor ( ) Fair ( ) None ( ) 10. Do you think its better being on the streets that at home? Yes ( ) No ( ) If yes why? ______________________________________________________________ 11. How do you provide for yourself on the streets? Begging ( )Stealing ( )Searching household garbage ( ) 12. Do yo u ever wish you never left home?Yes ( )No ( ) 13. How does being a street child affect you emotionally? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 14. How does being a street child affect your physical appearance? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 15. Were you in school? Yes ( )No ( ) 16. If yes what grade/form where you in? 17. Are you able to read and write? Yes ( )No ( ) 18.What are the measures that can be taken to get street children off the streets? Put them in state homes ( ) Have counseling sessions with them and put them up for adoption ( ) Establish laws to punish parents who contribute to their child being on the streets ( ) 19. Do you think the measures will work for you? Yes ( ) No ( ) Maybe ( ) 20. What can persons who wish to become parents do to avoid chil dren leaving home to live on the streets? Attend parenting sessions on how to care for the child ( ) Talk to the child/children to find out what is bothering them ( )Get involved in activities at the child school to see how well they are doing () BIBLIOGRAPHY Agnelli (1986), Street Children- A growing urban tragedy -Report for the Independent Commission on International Humanitarian Issues Boyce-Reid, k. (1993) A Report on Street Children Projects http://gvnet. com/streetchildren/Jamaica. htm David Dunkley(1999) :Street Children- effects of urbanization ———————– School Based Assessment on Street Children in my community FISHERMAN FIRE MAN CARPENTER PERCENTAGES DOCTOR BUSINESS MAN TEACHER TRUCK DRIVER BANK CLERK Stall Cart